Strong wind (plane)

Kawanishi N1K1 strong wind

Strong wind (latter term production type with the thrust type single exhaust pipe) of Sasebo flying corps

• A use: Anti-plane battle
• A classification: Water fighter
• A designer: Shizuo Kikuhara
• A manufacturer: Kawanishi plane
• An operation person: Great Japanese Empire (the Japanese Navy)
• Maiden flight: May 4, 1942
• The number of the production: 97 planes
• An operational start: December, 1943
• The operational situation: Military retirement

Indication

The strong wind (きょうふう) is water fighter of the Japanese Navy which Kawanishi plane developed in the Pacific War. As for the mark, N1K1, the code name on the allied powers side were almost Rex. Shizuo Kikuhara that the chief design engineer dealt with two sets of flying boats.

This plane was designed as the body which assumed an air battle a main purpose while being a seaplane, but the number of the production does not reach 100 because I lose time of the activity because development ran into difficulties, and the performance is disappointing, and the operation was difficult. Two sets of water fighters which made Zero fighter a seaplane as a pinch-hitter until this plane appearance were developed, but this leaves a lot the number of the production for the military gains as such. Locality fighter (land plane) glaring eyes were developed based on this plane, and 紫電改 which was an improved development type played an active part for the ambush of B-29 and the U.S. carrier carrier-based plane which hit Japanese soil for Great War last years more.

Table of contents

Development process

I decided the development of the full-scale water fighter for the purpose of securing until airport completion when I invaded and attacked from the results that the Japanese Navy used 95 sets of water spy planes in substitution for an ambush machine and an air raider at the time of China incident and gave an effect to in the South Sea Islands of command of the air and the short compensation of the carrier plane in (1940) in 1940. It was not unusual that a seaplane played a key role before World War I and performed a battle duty, but the bodies for observation and the reconnaissance duty were often found in World War II, and the development of the seaplane which could perform a full-scale air battle was the one of a kind which reflected circumstances of Japan at the time [¹].

In September, 1940, the navy ordered the trial manufacture of this plane to Kawanishi who had abundant development experience of the seaplane as 15 trial water fighters. The summaries of demand specifications shown in the trial manufacture remit are as follows.

• Maximum speed: At an altitude of 5,000 meters more than 310 knots per an hour (574km/h)
• A flying range (time): With cruising speed more than six hours
• Armament: 20mm machine gun *2 and 7.7mm machine gun *2 or 13mm machine gun *2 and 7.7mm machine gun *2 or 7.7mm machine gun *4
• 爆装: 30 kg of bomb *2

When I compare these specifications with the Zero fighter 11 type which was just put to practical use in those days, I exceed it more than 30 knots (56km/h) at a speed, and the same class is as above by two-thirds, armament at a flying range. Briefly, you should have said that it was demanded that I made a seaplane of the performance same as a new star main force fighter particularly the demand of the speed was approximately unrealizable for a thing demanded from a seaplane (even the maximum speed of model machine (J2M1) of the thunder and lightning that development was carried out for the same period is 578km/h). As a result, the maximum speed of the finished body was less than a demand nearly 100km/h, but I performed the technical effort that I mentioned later in the development team led by the Shizuo Kikuhara engineer of Kawanishi and wrestled for development eagerly in order to meet a demand. In addition, it is produced development by Nakajima airplane, and two sets of water fighters made from a Zero fighter 11 type by the filler-like implication will play an active part in the Pacific War beginning of the game because a stormy voyage was expected as for the development of this plane.

Design

 

Kawanishi took in various new keys like the auspicious purple clouds which were the water spy plane which produced it experimentally in the last year, and was ordered to meet naval demand specifications. I explain below the characteristic every each body part.

An engine and body shape

Mars (output about 1,500hp) made in Mitsubishi was adopted as an engine of the available large horsepower in those days. In Mars, a diameter (1,340mm) was relatively big for fighter use of the thing which was high power, and the nose part which located an engine was expected when air resistance grew big with the style of the normal single-engine fighter which became biggest. Therefore Kawanishi paid the attention to a fusiform body shape like the thunder and lightning that carried Mars in the same way. If it was the body with the same maximum product to cross-sectionalize by the wind tunnel experiment of the naval shipyard at the time, body center gathering was a point of the drag reduction, and there was a result to be advantageous, and the greatest position applied it to the fusiform body [²]. The engine was located nearer the body center to assume it spindle shape, and the cowl front was squeezed, and the propeller shaft was extended for clearance from the engine which I thereby produced to the cowl anterior extremity. This was a measure like the thunder and lightning, but the engine cooling fan to make up for the air mass flow from a narrow cowl opening equipped with by the plane was not equipped with.

The main wing

The middle wing placement that the main wing of the strong wind had little interference resistance with the body and spray of the water was hard to hit during a run was adopted. In addition, a laminar flow wing was adopted as the wing section. I delayed the detachment of the current of air on the wing with the laminar flow wing and it was the wing section which decreased air resistance and was expected when a speedup was effective. The thing of various shapes was studied, and the laminar flow wing was adopted to some warplanes (P-51 or brightly colored cloud), but the thing adopted for a strong wind was the LB type laminar flow wing which Ichiro Tani professor of Tokyo Imperial University (existing Tokyo University) invented in those days. The wing had a sectional maximum thickness position near 30% of the boom, but there was the maximum thickness position of the LB type laminar flow wing at approximately 40% of positions of the boom, and it was usually in the shape that current of air speed increased to wing posterior border (a wing of auspicious purple clouds is this LB type laminar flow wing). In addition, the smooth degree of the wing surface must be high, but there is the opinion that it might be difficult to realize precision necessary by the industrial arts at the time so that a laminar flow wing shows the effect.

Flap

Kawanishi developed the automatic air battle flap which operated an F ura flap at the most suitable angle according to speed and load automatically to do the battle with a land plane and the carrier-based plane in kineticism particularly turning characteristics profitably. This was Kawanishi's original invention to enable the self-regulation of the flap using a container (kind of Mano meter (liquid column manometor)) which I put mercury to detect dynamic pressure and load in. The strong wind relatively had a big loading to realize rapidity, but succeeded in acquiring turning ability not to fall behind two sets of small water fighters of the loading by this automatic air battle flap either. In addition, the device equipped with for a strong wind was a trial product, and a thing finished more was put on glaring eyes and 紫電改.

Float

Two sets of floats were comprised of the main float under the body and the supporting float under both main wings like water fighter. The main float was supported with the small V-shaped prop of the divergence in the front, and backward, thickness was supported with a wide prop thinly in the axis direction, and it was the shape that reduction of the air resistance was conscious of each (as for this, front and back are reverse to the placement of the prop of two sets of water fighters). The supporting float was considered for the gaining over-style plan like auspicious purple clouds at first, but it was said that it was rigid to receive the trouble in the plane, and to avoid complexity of the mechanism.

Propeller

 

Double inversion propeller of the model machine of the strong wind

For the inclination-related cancellation of the body by the spiral prop wash, I assumed the propeller of 2 feathers the set in two back and forth, and two folds of inversion propellers which reversed it each, and offset the torque by the race were adopted to a model machine of the strong wind. A detached room water landing became easy, and drivenness, the direction stability was good, and the reputation from a test pilot was very good, but the maintenance-related badness and oil leak to come were in this way changed to 3 normal feather propellers with the mass production type by the complexity of the propeller slowdown machine without dissolving. But a gap was left for the position where the second piece propeller should have been located with the production type in the first half year, and it was the characteristic appearance that a propeller spinner protruded from a cowl opening on the front.

In addition, as for the thing produced later, a meeting-type exhaust pipe was checked to a thrust type single exhaust pipe, and cowl anterior extremity was extended again, and the rear of the propeller spinner which there was of the redundant space was covered with a cowl by a trace of the contraprop.

In addition, the left torque of the "Mars" engine of liftoff output 1,460HP is strong and must handle a foot bar by considerable strength to deny it [³] and says that the detached room water landing was difficult [⁴].

Effect of the air battle flap

A navy aerodromics depot airplane part performs the experiment by the air battle flap from December, 1942 to February, 1943. The data recorded the process of the flight by a moving picture theodolite and they used a writing by oneself accelerometer together and were provided. Experiment altitude is 2,000m. As for the weight of the strong wind at the time of the experiment, 3,500 kg, loading are 148.9kg/ square m. Turning radiuses decreased to normal 70% - 80% when I used an air battle flap. The decrease of the turning time was not seen then. A diameter decreased about the somersault and decreased at time required for a somersault.

When a strong wind penetrated at 148 knots and circled, the load took 3.3G, and the turning radius needed 15.5 seconds at 180m, time. In contrast, as for the load, as for 4.1G, the radius, 140m, the time were 14.5 seconds when they penetrated at 151 knots and let a flap work at 19 degrees.

Turning radius
Use of flap (19 degrees)	Approach speed	Loading	Turning radius	Turning time
Unavailable	148 knots	3.3G	180m	15.5 seconds
Available	151 knots	4.1G	140m	14.5 seconds

Similarly, I did it and measured a somersault.

When I penetrated at 190.5 knots and did not use a flap, the somersault diameter was 305m, maximum load 3.4G. It takes 11 seconds by the top of the somersault, and, as for the speed, 105.4 knots, load 1.65G, the high difference are 437m (from the point that penetrated). In addition, as for the time required for the somersault end, as for the high difference, -111m (from the point that penetrated), the speed were 184.5 knots for 23 seconds.

In contrast, the somersault diameter became 250m, maximum load 4.0G when I penetrated at 189.4 knots and performed a flap at 19 degrees. As for high difference 398m (from the approach point), speed, 95.5 knots, the load are 2.0G by the top of the somersault for 9.5 seconds. In addition, as for the time required for the somersault end, as for the high difference, 95m (from the approach point), the speed were 142 knots for 17.5 seconds.

In use, a high difference occurred 200m in nonuse time, and the speed drop at the time of the use of air battle flap was considerably big again [⁵].

Somersault
Use of flap (19 degrees)	Approach speed	Somersault diameter	Maximum load	Top arrival time	Top speed	Top load	Start→ Top altitude difference	End time	Start→ End altitude difference	End speed
Unavailable	190.5 knots	305m	3.4G	11 seconds	105.4 knots	1.65G	437m	23 seconds	-111m	184.5 knots
Available	189.4 knots	250m	4.0G	9.5 seconds	95.5 knots	2.0G	398m	17.5 seconds	95m	142 knots

Use, evaluation

As for the strong wind, it was adopted a regulation (1943) on December 21 in 1943, but the fight of the Solomon area was already settled by the victory of U.S. forces at the time and Japan advocated a desperate defense of the absolute national defense zone and went on the defensive, and a place of the activity of this plane developed for the purpose of invasion in the islands region hardly became extinct. It was such situation, but I am deployed and report B-24 of few things and patrol aircraft-shaped PB4Y and 撃墜破 of the B-29 to the seaplane corps that the strong wind presented it with regulation adoption in the Indonesian Ambonese island and Penang Island of the Malay Peninsula west coast offing. I seemed to often adopt the tactics to drop 30 kg of initiating-type bombs from the enemy plane upper part on the occasion of an anti-bomber battle in a period, and to give damage by the explosion. On the other hand, I was deployed in Sasebo flying corps and the Otsu flying corps (Lake Biwa) in Japanese soil and was included in an air defense duty, but there was hardly no war record [⁶]. I was used for 直掩 of the Operation others 1, Kikusui [⁷].

In addition, I enter into a battle in the form that 0 sets of one strong wind interfere F6F at war with the fighter in a warship off Tateyama, Chiba on February 16, 1945 and report one overthrowing after a fight war. That this is the only military gain that a strong wind gave for an enemy fighter [⁸].

That this plane loses appearance time after all, and two sets of water fighters which should have been originally the existence of the filler play an active part; have ended with a result. However, it may be said that the strong wind became the base of glaring eyes simply because there were such circumstances. 当時の海軍も強風が時局に見合わない存在であることを見抜いていたので発注数は予定より大幅に削減されたが、それは川西に事業の不振を懸念させ、本機を陸上機化した紫電の開発を促すことになった。 紫電とその改良発展型である紫電改は層流翼や自動空戦フラップといった本機の特徴を受け継ぎ、大戦末期に最後の奮戦を見せることになる。

強風の生産は川西のみが行い、総生産数は試作機を含めて97機であった。この内31機程が終戦時に残存していた。なお生産された全ての機体は強風一一型に分類されるが、紫電二一型を水上機としてフィードバックした強風二二型という派生型の開発計画があったとされている。

性能諸元（強風一一型）

• 乗員：1名
• 全長：10.58 m
• 全幅：12.00 m
• 全高：4.750 m
• 翼面積：23.500 m²
• 空虚重量：2,700 kg
• 最大離陸重量：3,500 kg
• エンジン：三菱 火星一三型 （空冷星型14シリンダー、離昇出力1,460hp）
• プロペラ：住友ハミルトン 油圧式可変ピッチ定速回転3翅プロペラ
• 最大速度：488.9 km/h
• 巡航速度：352 km/h
• 降着速度：131.5 km/h
• 航続距離：4.8時間
• 実用上昇限度：10,560 m
• 上昇力：4,000 mまで4分11秒
• 武装：九七式三型改二7.7mm機銃×2（装弾数各500発）、九九式二号三型20mm機銃×2（装弾数各60発）
• 爆装: 30 kg of bomb *2

保存機

強風は戦後に性能テストのため4機がアメリカに輸送されたが、そのうちの3機はほぼ全部品が揃った状態でアメリカに現存している。2015年5月現在の状態は以下の通り。

• 川西514号機 - メリーランド州スートランドの国立航空宇宙博物館付属ポール・E・ガーバー維持・復元・保管施設(en:Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility)でレストア待ち。
• 川西562号機 - テキサス州フレデリックスバーグのニミッツ博物館(en:Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site - National Museum of the Pacific War)で展示中。佐世保航空隊で使用されていたもの。
• 川西565号機 - フロリダ州ペンサコーラの国立海軍航空博物館でレストア待ち。

脚注

1. ^ 他国でも水上戦闘機の開発がなかったわけではないが、既存の陸上戦闘機（F4Fやスピットファイアなど）を水上機化したものに過ぎず、しかも試作段階で開発が終了している。またイギリスのブラックバーン社ではB-44という引き込み式フロートを備えた水上戦闘機の開発計画があったもののモックアップまでしか作られなかった（岡部ださく 『世界の駄っ作機（1）』 大日本絵画、1999年、ISBN 978-4499226899、160頁参照）。空港を建設するための重機や空母を多数保有していたアメリカ軍にとってはそのような機体は有用性が薄く、イギリス軍においてはそもそも多数の島嶼を侵攻・占拠するという戦争を経験していないからである。また当然ながら性能も陸上戦闘機や艦上戦闘機に比べて格段に劣った。なお第二次世界大戦後にアメリカ海軍は港湾地区防衛というコンセプトの基にコンベア社にF2Y/XF2Y/F-7というジェット水上戦闘機を試作させたが、これも量産されることはなかった。
2. ^ ただしこの実験結果はプロペラ後流の影響を考慮しておらず、それを勘案すると胴体を後部にいくにつれて引き絞った二式単座戦闘機やFw190に代表されるスタイルの方が有利であるという見解もあった。
3. ^ 渡辺 2002, p. 135.
4. ^ 渡辺 2002, p. 136.
5. ^ 海軍航空技術廠 『研究実験成績報告(空技報0358) 空戦フラップニ関スル研究(其ノ1)(15試水上戦闘機) (飛行機性能ノ研究第44回報告) 』
6. ^ 渡辺 2002, pp. 136-140.
7. ^ 渡辺 2002, p. 144.
8. ^ 渡辺 2002, p. 142.

参考文献

• 文林堂編集部 『世界の傑作機 No.124 強風、紫電、紫電改』 文林堂、2008年、ISBN 978-4893191588
• 海軍航空技術廠 『研究実験成績報告(空技報0358) 空戦フラップニ関スル研究(其ノ1)(15試水上戦闘機) (飛行機性能ノ研究第44回報告) 』昭和18年。アジア歴史資料センター A03032133000
• 渡辺, 洋二 (2002), "去りゆく水戦", 遙かなる俊翼, ISBN 4-16-724914-6  - 初出は『航空情報』1982年3月号

関連項目

• 紫電改
• 二式水上戦闘機
• 晴嵐
• 雷電 (航空機) - 本機と同じ火星エンジンを搭載し要撃という役割が共通する陸上戦闘機
• 戦闘機一覧
• 航空機メーカーの一覧

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Two sets of high training plane

Two sets of high training plane (I spread it and cannot sell in this way learn come) is training plane of Imperial Army at the time of World War II. The trial manufacture name (a body plan number.キ number) is キ 79. An abbreviated designation, two sets of names are high kneading on fire. The development and production are Manchurian airplanes.

The body which made 97 sets of fighters high training plane.

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Summary

I made a plan to switch 97 sets of fighters that the army was becoming an old type in (1940) in 1940 to the high training plane of single seat and double seats. The development won army Airlines arsenal and Manchurian airplane jointly, and completed the trial manufacture first unit in (1941) in 1941, and it was regulation adoption as two sets of high grade training plane (1942) in January in 1942.

The main change from 97 was the change of the center of gravity position with it, the change of the propeller, a change to the shelter belt (canopy) of the opening type with having replaced an engine with the thing of the low horsepower. Other than a former type and a second type of the single seat of double seats, third class type and 丁型 (difference of a propeller and the engine) which terminated in a plan, the trial manufacture exist. The total production number of planes is included in one body made tree steel produced experimentally in (1945) in 1945 with 3,710 planes in this.

The operation performance inherited 97 characteristics and was able to continue producing it by a favorable reception from the military unit until the end of the war because it was good and was the body which it was easy to maintain. There is not a little the body used as a Kamikaze in last years of Great War, and a part is cast into the ambush of the United States military plane to attack at the time of the Japanese soil air raid again. Two sets of the 39th education squadrons of the Yokoshiba, Chiba army airport ambush the carrier plane of the U.S. Navy 58th task force which I attacked for airport sweeping with fire for the first time in the Kanto district by high kneading on fire (1945) on February 16 in 1945. Leave military gains to shoot down F6F-5 one surely although give the damage of five death in battle (a US Navy 80th battle squadron airplane.shooting down machine wreckage confirmation); [¹]. These military gains are old, and it is the instructor of the 39th education squadron, and they are done with the measure Masatoshi Sawa second lieutenant machine who made a sortie against this ambush at the time of the ace pilot of the flight first squadron which played an active part with a one set round "falcon" with 97 by Nomonhan incident in the Pacific War (Greater East Asia War) (they report shooting down with the Moriwaki corporal who is an assistant instructor).

As for the existence machine of this plane, a body used for Indonesian Sato rear mandala Museum by postwar Indonesia independence war is displayed.

Specifications

• Full length: 7.85 m
• Overall width: 11.5m
• Overall height: 3.28m
• A main wing area: 18.56m²
• Gross weight: 1,300 kg
• An engine: Hitachi ハ 13 former air-cooling single column star type 9 cylinder engine 510 hp/2300 rpm (liftoff) *1
• Maximum velocity: 340km/h
• A flying range: 920km
• A crew: 1 to 2 persons
• Armament: (it varies according to a model)
  • 7.7 mm machine gun (89 sets of fixation machine guns) X 1~2

Footnote

1. ^ Henry Sakaida (work) / Hiroshi Umemoto (reason) "ace 1937-1945 of the Japanese Air Corps," it is p.15 for Japan picture, 2,000 years

Allied item

• List of training plane
• Training plane

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= two sets high training plane &oldid=60903241"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Two sets of high training plane

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In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Tongue bar (submarine)

Warship career
Ordering
The start of work	1939January 16[1]
The launching	1939December 20[1]
Placement on duty	1940June 3[1]
Military retirement	1945December 10[2]
Afterwards	I sell it as a scrap on December 5, 1959 [3]
Removal from a register	1959September 1[3]
Performance specifications
Displacement	The water: 1,476Ton The water: 2,370 tons
Full length	307 ft 2 in (93.62m)
Overall width	27.3 ft (8.31m)
Draft	14 ft 8 in (4.458m)
Engine	Four 248 model 1,600HP diesel engines made in General Motors Four General Electric generators
最大速	The water: 20 Knot The water: 8.76 knots (16km/h)
Flying range	9,500 nautical miles (in 10, Minakami knot) (18,000km)
Examination depth	240ft (75m)
Crew	79 people
兵装	One 3 inches gun, 50-caliber of machine guns two, 30-caliber of machine guns two (at the time of the completion) (December, 1942) one 51-caliber of 5 inches gun, 20 millimeters of machine guns, small diameter machine gun three [4] (May, 1943) one 51-caliber of 5 inches gun, 20 millimeters of machine guns two, small diameter machine gun two [5] Ten 21 inches of torpedo tubes)

The tongue bar (USS Tambor, SS-198) is a submarine of U.S. Navy. The first warship of the tongue bar grade submarine. The name of a warship means "a percussion instrument" in Spanish and points to the fish which is a great variety of in each place including globefish department, the isinglass department to associate streptocarpuses, a drum associating a tambourine having an organ of speech.

ウシノシタフォーアイド sole (Spanish excellent Tambor real)

Globefish department シロカナフグ (Puerto Rican popular name Tambor)

Isinglass department black drum (Mexican excellent Tambor negro)

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Warship career

It is started work in electric boat company of Connecticut Groton on January 16, 1939, and the tongue bar is launched by a hand of Lucia Ellis on December 20. A conduct bottom of the Major John M Murphy youth (Annapolis 1925 tuple) is placed on duty on June 3, 1940. After a series of preparations in New London, I went to the colon for a training voyage. I visited New York, Washington D.C., North Carolina more head, Huston on the way. After having finished the training with the colon, the tongue bar returns to the Portsmouth navy shipyard of Kita Lee and engages in a study on depth bomb investigation. I investigated actions to be taken when I received the effectiveness and the attack of the depth bomb. After an investigation, the tongue bar was assigned to the Thomas W ウィザース major general United States Pacific Fleet submarine corps to lead in May, 1941.

The first patrol from November, 1941 to December

November 19 [⁶], the tongue bar went to the Wake Island sea near the shore for patrol in a time of peace. We had Pearl Harbor attack on patrolling December 8, and the patrol was changed to a war regime. On December 10, I discovered the flash of light from the Japanese fleet which performed bombardment from a warship by a fight of Wake Island [⁷]. However, there was the disorder of the engine, and the patrol was canceled. On December 23, the tongue bar finishes a 35-day action; and in Pearl Harbor 帰投 [⁸]. I was performed a cruise by the メア island navy shipyard and received repair and came back to Pearl Harbor in March, 1942.

The second patrol from March, 1942 to May

On March 15, the tongue bar went to Marshall Islands and the Rabaul area by the second patrol. I spy upon Eniwetok on March 27 [⁹]. The tongue bar had the attack opportunity of nine times by this patrol [¹⁰]. On April 16, I fire two torpedoes for the ship thought to be the tanker in the カビエン sea near the shore. It was judged that one of them of them hits it and attacked and sank a tanker of 7,000 tons [¹¹], but really attacks and sinks 特設給糧船北見丸 (marine fishery in Japan, 397 tons) [¹²]. I spied upon Makin on May 5 of the way home middle [¹³]. On May 12, the tongue bar finishes a 58-day action; and is 帰投 in Pearl Harbor. Major Murphy listed the complaints about the torpedo one by one in the report.

Battle of Midway

 

重巡洋艦三隈 which is burnt down by the Battle of Midway. The existence of the tongue bar became the remote cause of three dark circles loss.

On May 21, the tongue bar made a sortie as one warship of the 第 7.1 duty corps and went to the deployment point of the Midway Island sea near the shore with six sister ship. Because I was more likely to attack it that the Japanese Navy captured Midway Island for decryption, I let the Commander United States Pacific Fleet submarine corps Robert H English major general deployed a submarine in the 240 kilos away sea area from the island to meet this to surround the island and ambush him. I started an order that the English major general dived under water on all submarines including the tongue bar under the conduct at 7:15 of the day of the Battle of Midway and waited until 11:00. After a wait, the tongue bar surfaced, but received the machine-gun mopping-up from a Japanese plane soon.

The tongue bar discovers four large warships at a point of north 140 kilos of the Midway Island at 2:15 on June 7, the following day. The tongue bar telegraphed it in a report promptly. As a result, the Major General Commander the 16th duty corps Raymond Spruance judged, "Yamamoto is going to still give a blow in Midway" and let the 16th duty corps have 西進. Four large warships which a tongue bar discovered received a life of the Midway island bombardment that was the seventh squadron of the support corps (Lieutenant General Takeo Kurita.重巡洋艦最上, three dark circles, Suzuya, Kumano) and were advancing, but were going to shift the position because they became clear when there was distance to the Midway island. I discovered a tongue bar, and the seventh squadron side performed a brain from the telegraph of the tongue bar in an urgent time 40 minutes later, too, but the best and three dark circles woke up a collision on this occasion. The Lieutenant General Kurita ran with Suzuya and Kumano in Kitanishikata, and they were protected, and left best and three dark circles left for the destroyer west, but three dark circles sank by the air raid of the carrier-based plane. By the way, the tongue bar which did not let a torpedo shoot by this patrol once to here did not attack it even in the best that a bow was destroyed by the collision that was a perfect aim for the submarine, and a speed did not appear even after noticing it without noticing that a partner was a Japanese warship until 4:12. Because the tongue bar discovered a spy plane, two days later, I dived under water. However, two antisubmarine bombs explode at the visual angle of the tongue bar in the place where I dived under water to 43 meters. Because each of the two periscopes was damaged, and the motor was damaged, the tongue bar gave up further patrol. On June 16, the tongue bar finishes a 16-day action; and is 帰投 in Pearl Harbor. The captain took place of Major Stephane H amble star (Annapolis 1928 tuple).

The third patrol from July, 1942 to September

On July 24, the tongue bar went to the Marshall Islands area by the third patrol. On August 7, the tongue bar lets one torpedo hit 特設捕獲網艇昭福丸 (Towa steamship, 891 tons) at ウォッジェ atoll toe ton water supply exit and attacks and sinks it. I received an order afterwards after having patrolled in Marshal sea area until August 19 to move to the Truk Islands south area. The tongue bar patrolled in Caroline Islands on the way to a new patrol sea area. I discover 特設給炭油船第六真盛丸 (original business affairs, 4,928 tons) and an escort ship in the Pompeii Island sea near the shore, and, on August 21, the tongue bar fires three torpedoes for two aims. Two of them of them hit central part and the stern of the sixth Sanemori circle and attacked and sank the sixth Sanemori circle. I discover a tanker in the truck south on September 1 and fire four torpedoes. It was judged that one of them of them hit it and overthrew it [¹⁴]. In addition, it was judged that the tongue bar gave military gains that I attacked and sank 12,000 tons of two ships by this patrol [¹⁴], but the tonnage was sharpened to 5,800 tons in an investigation of postwar JANAC (English version) [¹⁵]. On September 19, the tongue bar finished a 57-day action and did 帰投 to Freemantle.

The fourth patrol from October, 1942 to November

On October 12, the tongue bar went to the Indochina area by the fourth patrol. By lack of torpedo that has just started, it was equipped with an underwater mine in substitution for several torpedoes by this patrol. On November 2, the tongue bar laid an underwater mine at Kainan Channel between Gulf of Tonkin and Hainan Island [¹⁶]. On November 3, the following day, the tongue bar discovers cargo-passenger boat Chikugo circle (Eastern Asia marine transportation, 2,444 tons) in Hainan Island northwest bank. At first I fired three torpedoes, but two of them are launched by the second falling of a thunderbolt 30 minutes later without hitting it, and one hits the central part of the Chikugo circle. The Chikugo circle was sunk from the stern. I fired two torpedoes for the cargo-passenger boat which raised a national flag of Vichy France on November 6, but the torpedo disappeared on the way and did not hit it [¹⁷]. I discovered sampan of the demilitarization in the Sulu Sea on November 10 and sank sampan by gunfire after having assumed the crew a captive [¹⁸]. It was judged to have given the military gains of 10,000 tons of one ship by this patrol [^{explanatory note 1}]. On November 21, the tongue bar finishes a 38-day action; and is 帰投 for Freemantle. 備砲 51-caliber were replaced with 5 inches gun [⁴].

I it for the fifth patrol from December, 1942 to January, 1943

On December 18, the tongue bar went to the スンダ straits area by the fifth patrol. Although I discovered the war vessel which was supposedly a plover type torpedo boat, the tongue bar did not come within the range between Krakatou and シャートウェイ islands on patrol, December 30 [¹⁹]. I discover the war vessel which is supposedly a plover type torpedo boat again on January 1, 1943 two days later and fire four by a torpedo [¹⁹]. However, the torpedo did not hit it, and 18 depth bombs were dropped adversely. The tongue bar dodged a counterattack skillfully and left a battlefield. On January 28, the tongue bar finished a 46-day action and did 帰投 to Freemantle.

I it for the sixth patrol from February, 1943 to April

On February 18, the tongue bar went to the Philippine area by the sixth patrol. It was the main duty by this patrol to support "a guerrilla of MacArthur", and the tongue bar loaded military unit which led Charles Parsons (English version) major and 50,000 7.62 millimeters of machine gun bullets, 45-caliber of handgun bullets 20,000 and currency 10,000 dollars to use in south Mindanao. These support supplies were unloaded safely in the shore of the Gulf of Mindanao パガディアン on March 5. On March 22, the tongue bar discovers 2,500 tons grade tanker off appointment island (English version) southwest and fires three torpedoes [²⁰]. I fired three torpedoes for 5,000 tons grade carrier on March 29 seven days later [²⁰], but the hit sound remained in a judgment with the damage although I was able to confirm it [²¹]. On April 14, the tongue bar finishes a 55-day action; and is 帰投 for Freemantle. By remodeling between the patrol, 20 millimeters of machine guns were equipped with in the bridge deck front part. The captain took place of ルッセル key four bar major (Annapolis 1933 tuple).

I it for the seventh patrol from May, 1943 to June

On May 7, the tongue bar went to Indochina, the Malay Peninsula area by the seventh patrol. On May 26, the tongue bar discovered a tanker at 17°19'N 116°20'E / 17.317 degrees N 116.333 degrees E / 17.317, a point of 116.333 and I fired three torpedoes, but did not hit it [²²]. On May 29 three days later, the tongue bar discovers 輸送船永昌丸 (capture ship, former Greece ship フォロズ / Yamashita steamship trust, 2,486 tons) at 17°30'N 110°55'E / 17.500 degrees N 110.917 degrees E / 17.500, a point of 110.917 and fires three torpedoes. However, I fire three torpedoes again several hours later because it did not hit it. Two of them hit it and confirm three times of explosions this time. The tongue bar fired three torpedoes for the different aim, but did not hit it. Two lifeboats were brought down from 永昌丸 which was depressed, and went, and the crew escaped. Is 20°29'N 107°57'E / 20.483 degrees N 107.950 degrees E / 20.483, a 107.950 [²³] point on June 2, and, by a cargo boat [^{explanatory note 2}], discover navy sign chartered ship second Fushimi circle (Orient marine transportation, 779 tons) at 20°23'N 107°47'E / 20.383 degrees N 107.783 degrees E / 20.383, a point of 107.783 [²⁴] on June 7;, as for by three, is discharge by a torpedo each. The first aim overthrows it, and it was thought that the next aim namely second Fushimi-maru set, but the second Fushimi circle evades the falling of a thunderbolt in the Japanese official record [²⁵], and the thing on June 2 is recorded with sinking [²⁶]. I fired three torpedoes which it remained for specially installed tanker second Ogura-maru (Nippon Oil, 7,311 tons) [²⁷] who was joining the 398th fleet off Gulf of Cam Ranh on June 16 or tanker power running circle (Nippon Oil, 9,181 tons) [²⁸] last, but did not hit it [²⁹]. The sinking score recognized officially by this patrol was only 永昌丸. On June 27, the tongue bar finished a 50-day action and did 帰投 to Freemantle.

I it for the eighth patrol from July, 1943 to September

On July 20, the tongue bar went to the South China Sea by the eighth patrol. I go to the patrol sea area via Lombok Strait and discover five cargo boats and the 916th fleet consisting of the torpedo boat falcons of the guards off 09°53'N 117°37'E / 9.883 degrees N 117.617 degrees E / 9.883, Palawan island via Honda cape northwest of 117.617 in an evening on August 3. The tongue bar fires three torpedoes for a cargo boat and hears two hits sound of them. The torpedo for other aims did not hit it. However, all the torpedoes were really evaded [³⁰]. On August 21, I discover the 316th fleet consisting of three tankers without the guards and five medium size carriers at 15°32'N 115°34'E / 15.533 degrees N 115.567 degrees E / 15.533, a point of 115.567 [³¹] [³²]. The tongue bar fired a torpedo three of them and two of them for two carriers, but I fired two torpedoes for a tanker by the second attack without hitting it, and, as for this, the tanker did not seem to suffer damage although I heard one explosion [³³]. The record of the Japanese side conveys that there was not the damage of the thing which the army ship Asuka-maru (Nippon Yusen, 7,523 tons) caught the falling of a thunderbolt [³⁴]. I discover the 416th fleet consisting of five cargo boats and two tankers at 16°44'N 113°42'E / 16.733 degrees N 113.700 degrees E / 16.733, a point of 113.700, and, on August 22, the following day, the tongue bar fires five torpedoes for 海軍徴傭 tanker Kyokuyo circle (Kyokuyo whaling, 17,549 tons). Three of them of them hit the central part, but was all misfire [³²]; [³⁵] [³⁶]. On September 12, the tongue bar finishes a 55-day action; and in Pearl Harbor 帰投 [³⁷]. It was made a cruise in California San Francisco and began overhaul in Bethlehem Steel [³⁸]. The work was continued until November 20, and I came back to Pearl Harbor afterwards on December 15, and the age engaged in training.

I it for the ninth patrol from January, 1944 to September

On January 5, 1944, the tongue bar went to the East China Sea by the ninth patrol. On January 22, the tongue bar discovered the war vessel thought to be the Natori type light cruiser accompanied by a destroyer at 27°00'N 136°16'E / 27.000 degrees N 136.267 degrees E / 27.000, a point of 136.267, but lost sight of it by a squall [³⁹]. On January 28 six days later, the tongue bar detected nine transportation fleets which northed and chased it. I am surfacing, and the tongue bar fires two torpedoes at about 2:00 on January 29, the following day. The torpedo hit 輸送船春泰丸 (Datong marine transportation, 2,254 tons) with two of them, and 春泰丸 sank at 27°50'N 128°48'E / 27.833 degrees N 128.800 degrees E / 27.833, a point of 128.800. One escort ship rushes at a tongue bar, and the tongue bar fights back in 20 millimeters of rear machine guns. After preventing the bodily crash of the escort ship, and having sent it away, I was going to chase a transportation fleet more, but was the next that had already passed. On February 2, the tongue bar discovered two ships which belonged to the ヒ 30 fleet and chased it. In night of February 3, the following day, the tongue bar starts an attack for a fleet at 28°30'N 124°04'E / 28.500 degrees N 124.067 degrees E / 28.500, a point of 124.067. At first I fire two torpedoes for emergency tanker 五洋丸 (五洋商船, 8,469 tons). The torpedo hit the central part of 五洋丸 with two of them and let you could not navigate 五洋丸 and fall into it. I fire two torpedoes successively for end circle (marine transportation in Japan, 5,149 tons) that there is a tanker in and coastal defense ship Sado of the guards. The end-maru that the torpedo for the end-maru that there is hits it, and there is is sinking. The torpedo toward Sado did not hit it, and Sado performed a depth bomb attack from about 4:18 to about 14:30. The tongue bar was blown off to depth of 80 meters by this depth bomb attack and the ventilation worsened and saw the part inundation, but there was not the further damage because Sado that saw the oil crest which appeared on the sea surface judged it saying "sinking is certain" and withdrew. 五洋丸 which I could not navigate sank in stormy weather on February 4 or about 5th [⁴⁰]. On February 12 ten days later, the tongue bar discovers タモ 02 fleet in 27°44'N 128°42'E / 27.733 degrees N 128.700 degrees E / 27.733, the Tokunoshima sea near the shore of 128.700 [⁴¹]. It is night and surfaces and attacks it and fires three torpedoes for emergency tanker 崙山丸 (Dalian steamship, 2,735 tons). When I was about to dive under water, I confirmed that one of them hit 崙山丸 and attacked and sank it. The tongue bar gave the military gains of 18,400 tons of four ships by this patrol and gained remarkable success. On March 5, the tongue bar finishes a 60-day action and wants to do 帰投 in Pearl Harbor [⁴²].

I it for the tenth patrol from April, 1944 to June

 

It is a Japanese boat just before the sinking by the bombardment of the tongue bar in 1944. It becomes 地洋丸 (Chiyo Maru) in the caption of the war Memorial of the origin of quotation in Australia, but the situation called the sinking by the bombardment matches it with the third promotion circle on April 18 or Takajo circle on November 16, and the war point called the China sea is equal with three none.

On April 9, the tongue bar went to the Mariana Islands area by the tenth patrol. On April 18, the tongue bar discovers the trawler approximately 250 tons with the food such as fresh vegetables at Wake Island northwest 22°07'N 160°31'E / 22.117 degrees N 160.517 degrees E / 22.117, a point of 160.517 and bombards it [⁴³]. Some crew transferred from a tongue bar to this after [⁴⁴] [⁴⁵], silence by specially installed monitoring boat third promotion-maru (Tohoku promotion fisheries, 128 tons) and they defeated seven members of Japanner and assumed second mate a captive. The lifting group confiscated attached documents, and an increase, the third promotion-maru were left unattended with being in condition to have awfully inclined and sank. On the evening of May 10, the tongue bar discovers 19°27'N 140°00'E / 19.450 degrees N 140.000 degrees E / 19.450, the 3503rd fleet which is guarded on the sea in destroyer morning calm, the sixth lunar month by 水雷艇鴻, a coastal defense ship and a submarine chaser, and leaves for Saipan of the Iwo-To west-southwest of 140.000 [⁴⁶]. The tongue bar dives under water and fires four torpedoes. I heard two explosions. 特設運送船慶洋丸 (Orient steamship, 6,441 tons) was damaged, but this attack did not lead to sinking [⁴⁶]; [⁴⁴] [⁴⁷]. The tongue bar dived under water deeply and escaped from 50 depth bomb attacks from a 24th coastal defense ship [⁴⁶] and I surfaced after an attack stopped and was going to pursue it. However, the tongue bar gave up an attack and left the sea area because the sixth lunar month discovered a tongue bar and did a depth bomb attack [⁴⁸]. On May 26, the tongue bar let two torpedoes hit 特設給糧船地洋丸 (west Taiyo Fishery, 657 tons) at 20°08'N 141°55'E / 20.133 degrees N 141.917 degrees E / 20.133, a point of 141.917 and attacked and sank it. On June 2, the tongue bar finishes a 54-day action; and is 帰投 in the Midway Island. The captain took place of William J Jill mer show then major (Annapolis 1935 tuple).

I it for the eleventh patrol from July, 1944 to August

On July 16, the tongue bar went to the Chishima Islands area by the eleventh patrol. On the early morning of July 28, the tongue bar fired three torpedoes for a small cargo boat or a trawler at 40°40'N 142°36'E / 40.667 degrees N 142.600 degrees E / 40.667, a point of 142.600 [⁴⁹] and heard three explosions. However, I was not able to confirm the result because of dense fog. 8月13日、タンバーは北緯48度35分 東経149度08分 / 北緯48.583度 東経149.133度 / 48.583; 149.133の地点で輸送船東栄丸（北海船舶、2,324トン）を発見し、浮上したまま攻撃し20分で撃沈。 タンバーは、東栄丸が救命ボートを下ろしたあとに沈んでいく姿を撮影した。 タンバーは帰途、ミッドウェー島に寄港。 8月23日、タンバーは47日間の行動を終えて真珠湾に帰投した。

第12の哨戒 1944年10月 - 11月

10月6日、タンバーは12回目の哨戒で日本近海に向かった。10月15日未明、タンバーは北緯29度43分 東経143度09分 / 北緯29.717度 東経143.150度 / 29.717; 143.150の地点においてレーダーで3つの目標を探知し、魚雷4本を発射^[50]。1つの爆発音を聞いた後^[51]、タンバーは潜航。護衛艦から26発の爆雷を投下されたが、タンバーに損害はなかった。4日後の10月19日、タンバーは北緯34度26分 東経139度52分 / 北緯34.433度 東経139.867度 / 34.433; 139.867の地点でレーダーで探知した護衛艦に対して魚雷4本を発射^[52]。2つの爆発が確認されたが^[53]、それは沈没を意味するものではなかった。その後、タンバーは11月8日に一旦サイパン島に寄航し、第101潜水群指揮官トーマス・B・クラークリング（英語版）大佐の指揮下、他の潜水艦^{[注釈 3]}とともにウルフパック "Burt's Brooms" を編成して、11月10日から日本の南方洋上に配置されている特設監視艇群を蹴散らす作戦に従事した。11月16日深夜、タンバーは1隻の監視艇に対して魚雷を3本発射したが、命中しなかった。45分後にもう3本発射したが結果は同じだったので、浮上砲戦で撃沈することに決めた。監視艇は反撃し、タンバーの乗組員の一部は負傷した。しかし、30分後には勝負は決し、北緯30度00分 東経139度30分 / 北緯30.000度 東経139.500度 / 30.000; 139.500の地点で監視艇は沈み始めた。タンバーは監視艇の2名の乗組員を海中から引き揚げて捕虜とした。この監視艇は高城丸（山下恭一、91トン）であり、前日にソーリー (USS Saury, SS-189) に魚雷を発射されたが回避していた^[44][54][55]。11月18日、タンバーは駆逐艦グレイソン (USS Grayson, DD-435) と会合し、捕虜と負傷した乗組員を移送した。11月30日、タンバーは55日間の行動を終えて真珠湾に帰投。これがタンバーの最後の哨戒となった。

訓練艦・戦後

帰国の途に就いたタンバーは真珠湾を出航し、12月10日にサンフランシスコに到着した。拡張オーバーホールの後、1945年3月9日にピュージェット湾に向かう。ピュージェット湾に到着すると、タンバーは海軍第6航空団の偵察機と共に訓練活動に入る。戦争終了後の9月17日に西海岸を出航しポーツマス海軍造船所に向かう。タンバーはポーツマスで12月10日に予備役となる。1947年4月、タンバーは海軍第9管区の予備役訓練艦に指定され、ミシガン州デトロイトの海軍予備役訓練センターに移動する。同所で1959年まで予備役訓練艦の任務に就き、1959年9月1日に除籍され、12月5日にスクラップとして売却された。

タンバーは第二次世界大戦の戦功で11個の従軍星章を受章した。主として太平洋で対日本の通商破壊戦に従事し、タンバーの活躍した期間はほぼ太平洋戦争の期間とほぼ一致する。

脚注

注釈

1. ^ 戦後の JANAC 調査で2,500トンに削減（#Blair p.922）
2. ^ この船舶は「永」と「号」という字が読み取れるが、真ん中の字が読み取れない（#十一根1806p.53）
3. ^ シルバーサイズ (USS Silversides, SS-236) 、ソーリー、トリガー (USS Trigger, SS-237) 、バーフィッシュ (USS Burrfish, SS-312) 、スターレット (USS Sterlet, SS-392) 、ロンクィル (USS Ronquil, SS-396)

出典

1. ^ ^{a b c} #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.3
2. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.10
3. ^ ^{a b} #Friedman
4. ^ ^{a b} #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.128
5. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.204,398
6. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.12
7. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.14
8. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.19
9. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.29
10. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORpp.53-55
11. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.56
12. ^ "The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II Chapter IV: 1942" (英語). HyperWar. 2011年11月15日閲覧。
13. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.37
14. ^ ^{a b} #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.103
15. ^ #Blair p.917
16. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.110
17. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.112
18. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.122
19. ^ ^{a b} #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.150
20. ^ ^{a b} #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.195
21. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.201
22. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.231
23. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.233
24. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.234
25. ^ #十一根1806p.54
26. ^ #十一根1806p.53
27. ^ #第二小倉丸
28. ^ #力行丸
29. ^ #十一根1806p.46, pp.49-50
30. ^ #駒宮p.79
31. ^ #十一根1808p.21
32. ^ ^{a b} #一護1808p.45
33. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.259
34. ^ #十一根1808p.21, pp.25-26, p.35
35. ^ #十一根1808p.35
36. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.260
37. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.255
38. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.272
39. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.273,288
40. ^ #佐鎮1902(1)pp.26-27
41. ^ #佐防戦1902p.4,10
42. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.286
43. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBOR p.316
44. ^ ^{a b c} "The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II Chapter VI: 1944" (英語). HyperWar. 2011年11月15日閲覧。
45. ^ #徴用名簿 p.22
46. ^ ^{a b c} #第3503船団p.5
47. ^ #駒宮p.171
48. ^ #第3503船団p.6
49. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORpp.356-357
50. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORpp.389-390
51. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.389
52. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORpp.391-392
53. ^ #SS-198, USS TAMBORp.391
54. ^ #二十二戦1911p.4,26,61
55. ^ #SS-189, USS SAURY, Part 2pp.112-113

関連項目

• アメリカ海軍艦艇一覧

参考文献

• (Issuu) SS-198, USS TAMBOR. Historic Naval Ships Association. http://issuu.com/hnsa/docs/ss-198_tambor?mode=a_p. 
• (Issuu) SS-189, USS SAURY, Part 2. Historic Naval Ships Association. http://issuu.com/hnsa/docs/ss-189_saury_part2?mode=a_p. 
• アジア歴史資料センター（公式）（防衛省防衛研究所）
  • Ref.C08050083100 『昭和十八年版 日本汽船名簿 内地 朝鮮 台湾 関東州 其一』、p. 32。
  • Ref.C08050083200 『昭和十八年版 日本汽船名簿 内地 朝鮮 台湾 関東州 其一』、p. 39。
  • Ref.C08050008000 『昭和十八年六月一日現在 徴用船舶名簿（海軍関係）』。
  • Ref.C08030257300 『自昭和十八年六月一日至昭和十八年六月三十日 第十一特別根拠地隊戦時日誌』、pp. 43-62。
  • Ref.C08030257400 『自昭和十八年八月一日至昭和十八年八月三十一日 第十一特別根拠地隊戦時日誌』、pp. 18-37。
  • Ref.C08030139700 『自昭和十八年六月一日至昭和十八年十月三十一日 （第一海上護衛隊）戦時日誌抜萃』、pp. 1-30。
  • Ref.C08030139700 『自昭和十八年八月一日至昭和十八年八月三十一日 （第一海上護衛隊）戦時日誌』、pp. 43-46。
  • Ref.C08030374100 『自昭和十九年一月一日至昭和十九年一月三十一日 佐世保防備戦隊戦時日誌』。
  • Ref.C08030374200 『自昭和十九年二月一日至昭和十九年二月二十九日 佐世保防備戦隊戦時日誌』。
  • Ref.C08030351700 『自昭和十九年二月一日至昭和十九年二月二十九日 佐世保鎮守府戦時日誌』。
  • Ref.C08030351800 『自昭和十九年二月一日至昭和十九年二月二十九日 佐世保鎮守府戦時日誌』。
  • Ref.C08030708000 『昭和十九年五月二十四日 第三五〇三船団 第四五一七船団 護衛任務報告』。
  • Ref.C08030074100 『自昭和十九年十一月一日至昭和十九年十一月三十日 第二十二戦隊戦時日誌』。
• Roscoe, Theodore. United States Submarine Operetions in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute press. ISBN 0-87021-731-3. 
• 財団法人海上労働協会（編） 『復刻版 日本商船隊戦時遭難史』 財団法人海上労働協会/成山堂書店、2007年（原著1962年）。ISBN 978-4-425-30336-6。
• 防衛研究所戦史室編 『戦史叢書62 中部太平洋方面海軍作戦（2）昭和十七年六月以降』 朝雲新聞社、1973年。
• Blair,Jr, Clay (1975). Silent Victory The U.S.Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company. ISBN 0-397-00753-1. 
• 駒宮真七郎 『戦時輸送船団史』 出版協同社、1987年。ISBN 4-87970-047-9。
• 木俣滋郎 『敵潜水艦攻撃』 朝日ソノラマ、1989年。ISBN 4-257-17218-5。
• 松井邦夫 『日本・油槽船列伝』 成山堂書店、1995年。ISBN 4-425-31271-6。
• Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. pp .285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3. 
• 林寛司（作表）、戦前船舶研究会（資料提供）「特設艦船原簿/日本海軍徴用船舶原簿」、『戦前船舶』第104号、戦前船舶研究会、2004年。
• 正岡勝直（編）「小型艦艇正岡調査ノート5 戦利船舶、拿捕船関係」、『戦前船舶資料集』第130号、戦前船舶研究会、2006年。

外部リンク

• navsource.org
• この記事はアメリカ合衆国政府の著作物であるDictionary of American Naval Fighting Shipsに由来する文章を含んでいます。

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