Polyaniline

The polyaniline (polyaniline, PANI) is a conductive high polymer kind. Like many conductive macromolecules, I have one dimension structure to range along the molecular chain that conjugate π electron system is linear. It is in use as electrode materials of the solid electrolysis condenser.

There are any questions for the mechanism while I have a few characteristic to other conductive macromolecules to be available for addition, the detachment of the proton easily by a polymerization condition (pH of the solution) and doping.

Table of contents

Molecular structure

 

Example n+m = 1 of the structure of the polyaniline, x = degree of polymerization

The structure of the polyaniline becomes like the right figure, and imine nitrogen atom (=N-) and amine nitrogen atom (-NH-) are included between six-membered rings. Degree of polymerization (x) exceeds 1,000. I have the characteristic that an electrical property greatly changes by the oxidation by the impurities addition.

• Royko emeraldine (English :leucoemeraldine)(n = 1, m = 0, a chemical formula: (C₆H₄NH)_n)

The polyaniline of the state returned enough is a complete insulator.

Or white is water-clear

• エメラルディン (English: emeraldine) (n = 0.5, m = 0.5, a chemical formula: ([C₆H₄NH]₂[C₆H₄N]₂)_n)

Unlike Royko emeraldine, I take the semi-quinoid structure that the structure of molecules and the band was modified and show high conductivity

The half oxidation is in a state and, with basic blue, is a state of the salt and dissolves in solvents such as green, NMP, and molding is easy.

• ペルニグルアニリン (English: pernigraniline) (n = 0, m = 1, a chemical formula: C₆H₄N) _n)

パーニグラニリン, ニグラニリン, English: I am called nigraniline

It becomes the insulator again to become benzenoid or the quinoid structure.

It is blue or a dark purple unstable material in a complete oxidation state

I am estimated to be a chief ingredient of the aniline black [¹]

History

It was known that so-called aniline black was formed on the anode surface when I oxidized aniline electrochemically for a long time. This was used as black dye, but stability was bad, and the real nature of the material was unclear for a long time again.

It is not a name called the polyaniline, but Letheby succeeds in electrolysis polymerization in 1862. In 1912, the different oxidation polyaniline octamer which was in a state was identified [²]. Furthermore, I knew that active polyaniline was provided by electrolysis polymerization electrically when it was 1980 and came to attract attention as a conductivity macromolecule [³]. In late years it is studied as electrodes of the rechargeable batteries having high energy density.

Synthetic method

The polyaniline is composed from aniline by electrolysis polymerization as spoke in a history. Particularly, エメラルディン which was protonated when I become electrolysis acid in acid water solutions such as hydrochloric acid or the sulfuric acid is got by the electrode surface and shows high conductivity. At this time, a homogeneous film is provided when I sweep electric potential in the range of -0.2 - around +0.8V, but it is powdered, and conductive low polyaniline is provided when I apply constant voltage. The former is called the electric potential sweep method. On the other hand, insulating polyaniline is provided in the neutrality to alkaline liquids.

References

1. ^ Experiment condition and aniline black of acetanilide of the synthesis（Keio UniversityAcademic information repository）
2. ^ A. G. Green et. al, J. Chem. Soc., 101, 1117 (1912).
3. ^ A. F. Diaz et. al, J. Electroanal. Chem., 111, 111 (1980).

• For Katsumi Yoshino, Mitsunobu Onoda "macromolecule electronics" CORONA PUBLISHING CO.,LTD., 1,996 years, it is P.21-23, P.155-157, P.170-173

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= polyaniline &oldid=62519729"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Polyaniline

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

2,3-hexanedione

2,3-hexanedione 2,3-hexanedione[1]
Identification information
CAS registration number	3848-24-6
Characteristic
Chemical formula	C6H10O2
Molar mass	114.15
The appearance	Yellow liquid
Smell	Dairy products smell
The boiling point	128 degrees Celsius
Solubility to water	微溶
Solubility	It is soluble to alcohol, an oil
Refractive index (nD)	1.413
The risk
Ignition point	28 degrees Celsius
Associated material
Related material	2,5-hexanedione（en:Hexane-2,5-dione） 3,4-hexanedione
I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa).

Kind of the organic compound that the 2,3-hexanedione (British: 2,3-hexanedione) is expressed in chemical formula C₆H₁₀O₂. With butter, a fragrance such as the cheese, there is it to beer and coffee, a soybean fermentation product naturally.

Table of contents

Use

As flavor of the fruit system such as dairy products such as the butter cheese or the banana pineapple, 4.8~6.6ppm is used for an end product. It produces it from methyl butyl ketone industrially [¹].

Safe

There is inflammability. The LD-50 (LD₅₀) by the animal experiment with the transdermal administration to oral administration, the rabbit to a rat more than 5 g/kg. For acid and the alkali, it is more stable than 3,4-hexanedione [¹]. I correspond to the fourth kind dangerous materials second oil by the Fire Services Act [²].

Allied item

• The isomer which has a molecular formula of C₆H₁₀O₂ as well as quality of ε-mosquito pro lactone - genuine article

Footnote

1. ^ ^{a b c} "synthetic perfume chemistry and revision Chemical Daily ISBN 4-87326-460-X supplementary for written by product knowledge" Motoichi Indo 2,005 years
2. ^ law information (Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.)

This item is an unfinished item in conjunction with the chemistry. I demand the cooperator who corrects it, and corrects this item (a project: chemistry /Portal: chemistry).

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2,3- hexanedione &oldid=62690118"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia 2,3-hexanedione

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Phthalate diethyl

Phthalate diethyl Diethyl phthalate[1][2]
Another name Diethyl phthalate, DEP
Identification information
CAS registration number	84-66-2
PubChem	6781
ChemSpider	13837303
UNII	UF064M00AF
SMILES CCOC(=O)c1ccccc1C(=O)OCC
InChI InChI=1S/C12H14O4/c1-3-15-11(13)9-7-5-6-8-10(9)12(14)16-4-2/h5-8H,3-4H2,1-2H3  Key: FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N  InChI=1/C12H14O4/c1-3-15-11(13)9-7-5-6-8-10(9)12(14)16-4-2/h5-8H,3-4H2,1-2H3 Key: FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYAV
Characteristic
Chemical formula	C12H14O4
Molar mass	222.24 g/mol
The appearance	Colorless oily liquid
Smell	Approximately unscented
Density	1.12 g/cm3 (20 degrees Celsius)
The boiling point	295 degrees Celsius, 568 K, 563 degrees Fahrenheit
Solubility to water	1,080 mg/l (25 degrees Celsius)
Solubility	It is soluble to alcohol, an oil
Refractive index (nD)	1.501-1.503
The risk
The main risk	The toxicity
Ignition point	166 degrees Celsius
I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa).

A kind of the phthalate ester that phthalate diethyl (フタル diethyl British: Diethyl phthalate, abbreviated designation DEP) is expressed in chemical formula C₁₂H₁₄O₄.

Use

The main use is used in a synthetic resin plasticizer as a solvent and a reservation agent of the fragrance. The annual amount of production in Japan from 1996 through 2001 changes at approximately 700 tons [³].

Safe

The toxicity is at the same level as ethylene glycol and is smaller than the dimethyl phthalate. In the case of oral administration, the LD-50 (LD₅₀) by the animal experiment was all 1,000 mg/kg in 6,172 mg/kg, the rabbits with 8,600 mg/kg, a mouse in a rat marmot [³]. Exercise of dermatitis and sperm inhibition is seen for the Homo sapiens, but the carcinogenicity is not confirmed [³]. I produce a poisonous gas by combustion [⁴]. I correspond to the fourth kind dangerous materials third oil to fix for the Fire Services Act [⁵].

Footnote

1. ^ "Chemical Information Profile for Diethyl Phthalate." Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. March 3, 2009 reading.
2. ^ "synthetic perfume chemistry and revision Chemical Daily ISBN 4-87326-460-x supplementary for written by product knowledge" Motoichi Indo 2,005 years
3. ^ ^{a b c} Phthalate diethyl (PDF) （Ministry of the EnvironmentEnvironmental Health Department)
4. ^ ICSC:NENG0258 (International Chemical Safety Card for 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester)
5. ^ law information (Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.)

This item is an unfinished item in conjunction with the chemistry. I demand the cooperator who corrects it, and corrects this item (a project: chemistry /Portal: chemistry).

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= phthalate diethyl &oldid=57782075"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Phthalate diethyl

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Methyl yellow

Methyl yellow
IUPAC name p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Another name 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, DAB, N,N-Dimethyl-4-phenylazoaniline, N,N-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, Butter Yellow, Solvent Yellow 2, C.I. 11020
Identification information
CAS registration number	60-11-7
PubChem	6053
ChemSpider	5829
UNII	A49L8E13FD
EINECS	200-455-7
ChEMBL	CHEMBL263116
RTECS number	BX7350000
SMILES N(=N/c1ccccc1)\c2ccc(N(C)C)cc2
InChI InChI=1S/C14H15N3/c1-17(2)14-10-8-13(9-11-14)16-15-12-6-4-3-5-7-12/h3-11H,1-2H3/b16-15+  Key: JCYPECIVGRXBMO-FOCLMDBBSA-N  InChI=1/C14H15N3/c1-17(2)14-10-8-13(9-11-14)16-15-12-6-4-3-5-7-12/h3-11H,1-2H3/b16-15+ Key: JCYPECIVGRXBMO-FOCLMDBBBF
Characteristic
Chemical formula	C14H15N3
Molar mass	225.29 g mol-1
The appearance	Yellow crystal
Melting point	111-116 degrees Celsius, 268 K, -66 degrees Fahrenheit The resolution [1])
Solubility to water	13.6 mg/l
log POW	4.58
The risk
GHS pictogram	[1]
GHS signal word	Dangerous (DANGER)
H phrase	H301, H351[1]
P phrase	P281, P301+310[1]
EU classification	T
The main risk	Cancer-causing material [2]
NFPA 704	1 2 0
R phrase	R25, R40
S phrase	S36/37, S45
Permissible exposure limit	OSHA regulation carcinogenesis material [2]
I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa).

Methyl yellow (pH indicator)
PH 2.9 or less		More than pH 4.0
2.9	↔	4.0

Because a color changes in constant acidity, the methyl yellow (English: Methyl yellow) is a chemical substance used as a PH indicator. Another name: Butter yellow, C.I. 11020

I gradually vary from red to yellow from red, 2.9 to 4.0 in pH 2.9 or less and change into yellow in 4.0 or more.

Table of contents

Carcinogenic

Is classified in a cancer-causing agent, but is called butter yellow before it and want to be added in food now [³]; [⁴]. When I take it in, I cause tumor of the liver.

Allied item

• Methyl red
• en:Oil Yellow DE

Source

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Dimethyl yellow
2. ^ ^{a b} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0220
3. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0220
4. ^ Opie, E. L. (1944). "The Pathogenesis of Tumors of the Liver Produced by Butter Yellow" (pdf). The Journal of Experimental Medicine 80 (3): 231–246. doi: 10.1084/jem.80.3.231. PMC 2135460. It is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135460/pdf/231.pdf. PMID 19871411 

Outside link

• International Chemical Safety Card 1498
• CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= methyl yellow &oldid=60678940"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Methyl yellow

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Carbon tetroxide

Carbon tetroxide
IUPAC name 1,2,3-Trioxetan-4-one
Another name 4-Trioxetanone
Identification information
CAS registration number	853,179-44-9
SMILES O=C1OOO1
Characteristic
Chemical formula	CO4
Molar mass	76.01 g mol-1
I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa).

Carbon (Carbon tetroxide) tetroxide is very unstable oxocarbon with a chemical formula of CO₄. It was suggested as an intermediate of the substitution of the oxygen atom between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the high temperature [¹].

Source

1. ^ Yeung, L. Y.; Okumura, M.; Paci, J. T.; Schatz, G. C.; Zhang, J.; Minton, T. K. (2009). "Hyperthermal O-Atom Exchange Reaction O2 + CO2 through a CO4 Intermediate." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131 (39): 13940-13942. doi: 10.1021/ja903944k. 

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= four carbon oxide &oldid=51741514"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Carbon tetroxide

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Vanadium (III) iodide

Vanadium (III) iodide
IUPAC name Vanadium (III) iodide
Another name Vanadium triiodide
Characteristic
Chemical formula	VI3
The appearance	Black solid
Density	5.14 g/cm3, solid
Solubility to water	Soluble
Structure
Coordination structure	Eight figures
Associated material
Other anions	Vanadium (III) bromide
Other positive ions	Vanadium (II) iodide Titanium (III) iodide
I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa).

Vanadium (III) (Yaw or vanadium, Vanadium(III) iodide) iodide is iodide of vanadium that a chemical formula is referred to VI₃. I am provided by heating vanadium powder and iodine to around 500 degrees Celsius with a paramagnetic solid [¹]. Absorbency is high, and a green ion peculiar to V(III) compound occurs when I dissolve in water.

The reaction that vanadium (III) iodide occurs because of metal vanadium and iodine can get high metal vanadium of the purity by the chemical transportation method for reversible reaction.

${\displaystyle {\ce {{2V}+3I2\ \rightleftarrows \ 2VI3}}}$

The crystal structure of VI₃ is hexagonal close-packed structure structure same as bismuth (III) iodide, and each vanadium center accounts for a one-third of the octahedron.

Dismutation assumes that I pyrolize VI₃, and vanadium (II) VI₂ iodide and vanadium (IV) VI₄ iodide occur. It is said that this VI₄ is a chief ingredient of the volatile gas generated by the steam transportation method.

${\displaystyle {\ce {2VI3->VI2+VI4}}}$ ${\displaystyle \Delta H=36.6\ {\rm {{kcal/mol}\ \Delta S=38.7eu}}}$

Footnote

1. ^ Juza, D.; Giegling, D. and Schäfer, H. (1969). "Über die Vanadiniodide VJ2 und VJ₃." Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 366: 121–9. doi: 10.1002/zaac.19693660303. 

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= vanadium (III)&oldid=63794474 iodide"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Vanadium (III) iodide

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.