Outfitting

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The Emperor Meiji family in clothes and a kimono. Kasai tiger Jiro image.

Each chief of state brain which wore Vietnamese race clothes アオザイ in APEC2006

With the outfitting (ふくしょく), clothes and the accessories (accessories) kind that a person wears on the body are those combinatorial styles again. I say clothes (apparel) (I am and occur) and I pay attention to the clothing in particular again and say the clothes (congestion). In the term outfitting and clothes mainly of two is used, and there is one and one is approximately synonymous with clothes, clothing and is used, and a figure (wearing figure) which a body and clothes unified as for the other points to the combinatorial style of those uniformity again [¹]. I discuss it about the latter in this clause mainly.

The outfitting varies according to the times, a race, an area, sex, age, rank, an occupation, and a different style is used again by the wearing opportunity. Those styles are strengthened by a ban and a dress code (dress code) and a fashion (the fashion) or nationalism, nationalism, and, in human being society, the style of much outfitting becomes that I express specific attribute or thought. The race clothes (folk costume) express local (or the exile) identity and emphasize originality of the culture, and they become in particular the source of the national dignity. In addition, in a rite of passage and public holidays and festival days, special clothes are often worn on a holiday. For example, it is special gorgeous kimonos such as special clothes, New Year or Christmas of the coming-of-age ceremony.

As for the outfitting, as for the basics, own situation, situation, the style that accepted taste again are chosen, but outfitting unlike it may be worn intentionally. For example, it is disguise, a drama or makeup in the theatrical art to enjoy disguise to hide own viewpoint, and to be active, the clothing of the situation different temporarily. Disguise may be demanded as special clothes such as a masked ball and the carnival in the Christianity cultural sphere, Halloween in the United States of America.

Table of contents

Change of the outfitting

 

Portrait of Marie Antoinette who wore an enlarged pannier

 

Modern cheerleader

 

Shigeko Higashikuni who wears socks, leather shoes to a kimono and a hakama

Not only the outfitting varies according to an area or a situation, but also it changes. Yasuro Ogawa summarizes the principle of the change in next 20 items [²].

1. Environmental adaptation - outfitting becomes the thing which adapted to natural environments (climates) and social environment (having political system, economic conditions, religion, war or not).
2. The power of the exogenous change by endogenous superiority - natural environments and the social environment (regulation in particular) and the power of the endogenous change to demand comfort and newness, beauty, extravagance are often opposed, and an in the long term endogenous change is superior (a thing and the uniform that a ban is broken simplify it in the long term).
3. Superior rule - outfitting spreads in the low group from the group which is high in degree of the culture development (introduction of the outfitting system of Sui, Tang in ancient Japan). On the other hand, the new group which became superior overthrows the outfitting of the traditional group politically (changes from Roma-like outfitting by the German migration of nations to the archetype of current clothes, change of the outfitting in the revolutions such as sun culottes).
4. The outfitting of an imitation flow - new fashion type and the modified form performs the spread spread (the flow) by imitation and rearranges an old form. There are the imitation of the group where a high rank is superior for imitation, the imitation that paid its attention to a function side, the revival of the past form, following-like imitation by the group psychology, the creative imitation that added originality. There is the fashion that a specific form is imitated temporarily and opens while a specific form may be handed down in the same group. The fashion in the group is amplified by the media such as a magazine or TV. When popular outfitting spreads and fixes it, it becomes manners and customs, the custom with social compelling force.
5. The outfitting performs 漸変 even if I do not force it 漸変慣化 - consciously. In addition, 漸変 is received easily by human custom (a skirt gradually shortened, and a miniskirt was commonly used). The artificial sudden change is hard to take root in the society to be too strong in stimulation.
6. I simplify it and I am multistoried and become light dress, and reverse changes such as enlargement, the reduction are repeated backward movement change - complexity in turn. Decoration increases for expressing it and gets heavy and formalizes authority, and the practical outfitting becomes the formal dress. Because the formal, decorative outfitting is tight, it becomes simple and becomes light dress.
7. When 競進反転 - characteristic-like form begins to be popular, by the competition in the group, the change of the form suddenly goes and reaches the extreme form (I become the lowest part, the long leading others with a limitless virtue such as crinolines, the extreme of the corset and become the extreme of exposure and light clothes). When the change of the form reaches the pole, it is in an insanitary state, and it is sometimes lack of economy or ill health, and the criticism gets up, too, and the fashion turns over. And the form is kept as traditional outfitting and returns to an original form and degenerates and switches it to a different form or merely becomes extinct.
8. Table clothes ecdysis - table clothes disappear, and the thing which was underwear becomes table clothes (the shirt which was the shifts from a ceremonial dress to a padded silk garment, the underwear of the suit becomes table clothes).
9. Form promotion - plain outfitting becomes complicated, and outfitting in common use becomes the formal dress, and the outfitting of the common people is taken in by a noble (I become the formal dress of the samurai family of the court dress which was the outfitting of the common people and become full dress of the tunicle in the ancient Roman age).
10. Formality drop - formal dress is simplified, and formality is lost because low-ranking people wear the outfitting of the upper class (a color, a geological feature permitted only a patrician comes to be used for the common people).
11. Affiliated differentiation - form used for a long time is gradually subdivided. A simpler thing is born in a similar line (differentiation of a large pattern and the clothes with crest of samurai from a court dress) and differentiates every rank of the user and differentiates according to a use (various coats).
12. When the thing which had the practical function becomes needless, disused degeneration - beginning degenerates and merely remains as decoration and is omitted and becomes extinct (cuts of a button and the lapel of the sleeve of suit).
13. Similar outfitting occurs by natural environments and the resemblance of the culture standard or human structure of the human body and universal psychology unrelated of the same class - unrelated area separated from it in the times (the lowest part and a train, chopine and wooden clogs with high supports, chador and a stamp sputum equal).
14. Sex differences are expressed by sex opposition - shape and a color, but the opposition of sex differences is big among in the times when it is peaceful and is wealthy or the nobles of upper reaches, and opposition tends to be small among the lower layer common people again in a war bottom and the poor times. On the other hand, the fashion of the outfitting, the sex switch that a man borrows a woman or woman's disguise from a functional reason by wearing men's clothes again often get up. In addition, the transvestism using opposition of the sex is carried out, too.
15. And a foreign factor is taken in by outfitting of fusion digestion - convention and does fusion (changes of ブリオー by the influence of the Crusade expedition that a usual element and a foreign factor mix approximately equally), digestion (the spread of skirt pantaloons affected by the European medieval culture that a foreign factor was dismantled and promoted new form outbreak of the convention outfitting), a concoction (to the formal Japanese wear which each form just mixes it, and is worn the clothes of the derby hat) or does coexistence (coexistence of clothes and the kimono).
16. The outfitting from old days may be left in the area with a few inflows of the culture including stagnation survival - mountains and the isolated island department. Clothes of the modern outfitting if bring it to the mainstream, all the race clothes of each place can interpret it as a stagnation relic example.
17. A specific form develops originally and, under isolated overripeness - environment that stands alone and was stable, becomes overripe (outfitting of the Crete civilization, Japanese outfitting of the Edo era).
18. Almost none of the outfitting changes in the flow of unchangeable fixation - outfitting during several hundred years from several decades and may colonize as manners and customs (race clothes of each place).
19. I return to structure, menstruation of foundation type return - human body, a basic outfitting form (foundation type) that fitted human psychology again repeatedly.
20. If international interchange becomes active, commonization of the global outfitting happens by the development of international assimilation - traffic, communication.

Stage costume

 

The actor who wore clothes by Bristol Renaissance fair of 2006

 

The clothes which are used in drama art of India, ヤクシャガナ (Yakshagana)

The clothes (apparel, clothes, costume) are very important elements by a drama and a movie, the TV drama. The clothes give you even the information about the weather in age, sex, an occupation, rank, the personality of the position whom an actor plays, the times when, besides, they are played, a geographical place and the date and time, a season. In addition, it is performed to emphasize the character of the person by the stage costume which is stylized, and was exaggerated.

The correction of this knob is expected.

Footnote

1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica "clothes"
2. ^ Yasuro Ogawa "principle culture publication station of the outfitting change", 1981.

Allied item

Wiki media Commons has a category in conjunction with the outfitting.

• Disorder of clothes
• Outfitting school

Outside link

• National Museum of MankindClothes, 身装文化資料
• Culture school outfitting Museum

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= outfitting &oldid=56819040"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Outfitting

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Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Sun-screening medicine

Sunscreen (SPF15) with a tube

It is a product to prevent aging of a sunburn and the skin, and stop being burnt on a day by blocking ultraviolet rays equal to the skin, and the sun-screening medicine (British: Sunscreen) is called the sunscreen again. It is creamy for a formulation, and a milk liquid form, a gel form exist and correspond to a sunscreen cosmetic in the Japan inside dimensions.

Table of contents

Ingredient of the day desperation stopper

I greatly divide the ultraviolet rays defense agent that is an ingredient combined with a desperation stopper on a day and can classify it in two kinds of "an ultraviolet scattering agent" and "the ultraviolet rays absorbent". According to the name, the diffusion agent lets you reflect ultraviolet rays each, and the absorbent absorbs ultraviolet rays and prevents ultraviolet rays from arriving on skin. A lot of absorbents are used for the expensive sunscreen of the effect such as SPF30 and 50. The ultraviolet scattering agent has many ingredients derived from a mineral such as titanium oxide and zinc oxide, and the ultraviolet rays absorbent has many synthetic compounds. When it absorbs the energy of ultraviolet rays, as for the ultraviolet rays absorbent, molecular structure may be destroyed in the property, and there is a possibility that a postlesional product causes an allergic reaction and inflammation. Therefore I cannot combine it other than a material published by a positive list of Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan.

The study of cosmetics preventing ultraviolet rays only with the ability of herb and the flower advances recently without using titanium oxide, zinc oxide in organic cosmetics. As for the commercially available thing, SPF has much in comparison with around 3-6 and conventional sun-screening medicine weaker effect now.

Index of the ultraviolet rays defence

In Japan, PA classification is established for a defense index of the SPF level and UVA wave (wavelength 320-380nm) for a defense index of the UVB wave (wavelength 290-320nm) by association of cosmetics industry society in Japan. Other indexes are used globally (later description), and there is a delicate difference for the assay with the same defense index every area.

About the assay in the country, SPF, PA classification are based on the measurement when by 2 mg per 1cm² applied a product to skin together, but I cannot really often apply it abundantly to there, and the product applied again is gradually lost by sweat and contact, deterioration by the ultraviolet rays itself. Therefore it is said that it is important not to neglect invention such as repainting it diligently without putting too much confidence in an index.

Index of the UVB defence

An index to express the degree of the effect that the SPF is an initial of Sun Protection Factor and interrupts a UVB wave among ultraviolet rays. The delicate difference is adopted for an assay in many countries so that it may be said that it is almost global standards although there is it. I am calculated whether skin called erythema or Sambourne causes stinging and inflammation becoming red. That you can tolerate ultraviolet rays of several times at the time of application in comparison with the smallest amount of ultraviolet rays that a subject causes erythema is a numerical ground of the SPF. For example, when the person who takes around 20 minutes before erythema appears paints with a desperation coup de grace on a day of SPF10, I bathe in the amount of ultraviolet rays of 10 times for 20 minutes, and erythema finally means that it is admitted. It is not a meaning to be able to tolerate ultraviolet rays (this case 200 minutes) at time of 10 times to be important. It is because the applied day desperation end is lost with time according to the said article.

Errors increase with a value, and, in a property of the technique to confirm the change of the color of the skin of the Homo sapiens by viewing, there is a way of thinking to be doubtful whether the real ability difference (e.g., differences between SPF55 and SPF60) between the products of the high SPF level goes along the number particularly, and there is it. Therefore I am to transcribe it into SPF50+ when ability more than SPF50 is significantly recognized in Japan.

In the United States, an advice to assume the upper limit in the indication 30+ is given, but because it is not essential, the product such as SPF100 is sold practically, but the movement that is going to raise the upper limit to 50+ exists [¹]. All products must belong to anything of 6,10,15,20,25,30,50,50+ eight phases without the SPF indication being permitted only progressively in the EU countries (as for 50+ more than actual survey SPF60); [²]. In Australia, 30+ is the upper limit [³].

Index of the UVA defence

PA classification

The index indicating the defence of UVA which it is an abbreviation of Protection grade of UVA, and is adopted in Japan. I am calculated based on a phenomenon becoming black after a sunburn called the melanism immediately immediately. It is based on numerical value (later description) called PPD (Persistent Pigment Darkening), and 12 is within it, and a PPD level originally classifies it in four phases (if I include 無標 five phases) of PA++++ in PA+++ (effective very much), higher than 12 more than PA++ (with the considerable effect), 8 with less than 8 more than PA+ (with the effect), 4 with less than 4 more than 2. It is a classification method of the origin in Japan.

TPP

The UVA logo mark that is adopted in EU countries

Numerical value to be the index of the sustained UVA defence to measure using melanism of the skin which is mainly caused by UVA called the melanism immediately, and to become the grounds of the said article PA classification classification. This PPD measurement technique in itself was developed in Japan, but is adopted positively in Europe while I remain in the indication of the PA classification using this in Japan.

It is similar to SPF for an idea, and that you can tolerate ultraviolet rays of several times at the time of application in comparison with the amount of ultraviolet rays of the minimum dose that skin makes black is a numerical ground of PPD. I mean what I bathe in ultraviolet rays of 10 double quantity and finally make black if I apply quantity fixed a desperation stopper for on a day of PPD10.

It is thought that it is a very important index in Europe, and it is said to the PPD level that it is not a desperation coup de grace on the day when you should reject it that is 1/3 of the SPF level. Was led by European trade group originally and was established; it is that bake it on that day, and the Europe government recommends the way of thinking for the coup de grace now [⁴], and a right logo is touched to the product which is equal to this condition.

Usage

I am painting a back with sunscreen

• How to use depending on personal nature of skin is necessary. The nature of skin is classified in I - III, and I am separated by the easy sunburn.
• It is necessary to use cream of the appropriate strength even if I accept it at going out time.
• When the strength of the sunscreen applies the same quantity. If it is strong, and only a little applies it, there is not a meaning.
• Because sunscreen is easy to fall by sweat and swimming by sea bathing or the sports, it is necessary to paint with sunscreen diligently.
• It is not the simple sum, but an effect of the sunscreen increases more when originally I finish foundations with a coat of the sun-screening medicine from the cosmetics which an effect of the sunscreen is listed in.
• I use it after cream, and there is the method to use before the makeup groundwork.
• When around 30 minutes do not pass after usually painting, the sunscreen does not come into force enough. Not painting just before going out, and painting before a little of going out.
• It becomes hard to be assumed that I perform the humidity retention with sunscreen enough than a sunburn injury.

Side effect

In the case of a strong thing of SPF and the PA, a rash may be caused.

Influence on environment

That it is checked that the ingredients such as butyl paraben, cinnamate, benzophenone included in the sunscreen, the camphor derivative trigger it and cause whitening of the coral, and this happens by the induction of the increase of the virus which is harmful to a zooxanthella [⁵]. However, according to Robert van Woesik which is a specialist in coral, I do this study without reflecting real environment when the coral will not be exposed to density as I wake up whitening because I am diluted rapidly under the real environment [⁶].

Associated product

The suntan oil (it is said with suntan oil, the suntan product) is the same as sunscreen at the point to prevent a UVB wave among ultraviolet rays. But the suntan oil does not prevent the UVA wave unlike sunscreen. It is suntan oil that is intended that I do a sunburn (suntan) neatly without inflammation (Sambourne) being caused on skin by preventing only a UVB wave [⁷].

Chief ingredient

• Octyl methoxycinnamate (Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate)

Footnote

[Help]

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ [2]
3. ^ [3]
4. ^ [4]
5. ^ Environ Health Perspect 116:441–447
6. ^ Swimmers' Sunscreen Killing Off Coral
7. ^ shopping こまつ. "Sunscreen @ sunburn" (Japanese). August 19, 2009 reading.

Allied item

Wiki media Commons has a category in conjunction with the sun-screening medicine.

• Sunburn
• Sunbathing
• Ultraviolet rays
• Photosensitivity
• Popular name when earless Yoshiichi - user often forgot to paint an ear, and a symptom appeared by the result

Outside link

• How to use sunscreen cosmetic (from a homepage of the association of cosmetics industry society in Japan)

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= sun-screening medicine &oldid=59554354"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Sun-screening medicine

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.