검색어 50 system에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시
검색어 50 system에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시

2016년 8월 28일 일요일

Train (two generations) of Meitetsu 3300 origin

Train (two generations) of Meitetsu 3300 origin

Train (two generations) of Meitetsu 3300 origin
3300 system 3301 formation (1988 in front of Nagoya Stadium)
3300 system 3301 formation (1988 in front of Nagoya Stadium)
Formation Three formation
Vehicle capacity Top car: 120 (50 seats)
A middle car: 130 (56 seats)
Full length Top car: 18,900 mm
A middle car: 18,830mm
Overall width 2,730mm
Overall height モ 3300 form, モ 3350 form: 4,200mm
ク 2300 form: 3,880mm
Body materials All; is made of metal
Vehicle mass モ 3300 form: 37.0 t
モ 3350 form: 36.0t
ク 2300 form: 31.0t

Gauge of a track 1,067mm (narrow gauge)
Electric method Direct current1,500 VImaginary train line method
The main motor Direct current direct winding motor TDK-528/18-PM
The main motor output 112.5 kW (one hour rating)
The number of the deployment Four engines/
Rating speed 64 km/h
Gear ratio 3.21 (61:19)
Driving means I am about to hang it and am driven
Control unit Electric camshaft type indirect automatic acceleration control (AL control) ES-568-A
Cart FS107, FS13
Braking method AMA automatic air brake
Security M-type ATS
Manufacturer Nippon Sharyo, Ltd.
Remarks Each data at the time of the completion.

The train (めいてつ 3300 けいでんしゃ) of Meitetsu 3300 origin is the commuting form train that Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu) introduced in (1987) in 1987. I belong to the AL car which is about to hang it, and carries 間接自動進段制御器 in each drive car form managed in a direct current 1,500V electrification route of Meitetsu.

I describe a 3300 system train with "this system" in this clause as follows and do it with a formation name with control motor car モ 3300-shaped vehicle number on the occasion of the explanation of the formation unit again (if, e.g., formation of モ 3301 - モ 3351 - ク 2301 "3301 formation").

Table of contents

Introduction process

Meitetsu after the 1980s introduced a commuting form vehicle including the pro-6500 .6800 system in large quantities and allotted it to the use of the main line system including Nagoya Main Line, Inuyama Line, and each surplus AL car form replaced it by old model vehicle of the high aging sequentially [1]. 3850 systems called OR car (Old Romance Car) which attached the firm gel Ritz cart which on earth had a product made in cast steel cart frame [2] and 3900 system were included in the AL car which became the junk car based on these a series of substitute plans [2]. I decided to plan the improvement of constitution of the vehicle applied in a branch line system and passenger service improvement by introducing the vehicle which misappropriated them, and produced the bodies newly into a branch line system because the major equipment which I did including the cart of both forms was in condition to be able to still endure use [3].

As for this system, 12 in total were produced four three formation to be comprised by the above-mentioned process newly (1987) in Nippon Sharyo, Ltd. in June in 1987 by 3 forms of control motor car モ 3300 form (モ 3301 - モ 3304), middle motor car モ 3350 form (モ 3351 - モ 3354) and the control trailer ク 2300 form (ク 2301 - ク 2304) [2]; [4].

 
Form モ 3300 form (Mc) モ 3350 form (M) ク 2300 form (Tc)
Vehicle number モ 3301 モ 3351 ク 2301
モ 3302 モ 3352 ク 2302
モ 3303 モ 3353 ク 2303
モ 3304 モ 3354 ク 2304

To a body update car prepared by the concept like this system newly, there were the transport capacity reinforcement in Seto Line and 6650 systems (primary car of のちの 6750 origin) that cooled it, and was introduced for the purpose of rate improvement in (1986) in 1986 [3], and, as for this system, it was an introduction example of 2 form eyes for the body update car of the OR car [5]. In addition, unlike the 6650 system that was the body update car of the AL car (OR car) introduced prior to this system and 7300 system, this system followed the 2000th level and the vehicle number grant standard [6] in each old model car form which did it in the 3000th level, a control trailer, an accompaniment car form in a motor car form.

The body appearance is similar to 6000 system [7], but this system is about to hang the automatic air brake which misappropriated major equipment than junk car and the OR car that it was according to the said article and is the body update car of drive specifications, and the performance is different at all [2]. In addition, [8][* 1] characterized by the point where each conventional AL car form assumed MT ratio 1:1 basics, but the MT ratio is set exceptionally at 2:1 because this system was designed by three fixation formation for the purpose of the transport capacity reinforcement in the branch line ward [8].

This system performed design and fabrication of assuming the introduction to a branch line system in this way realized the qualitative improvement of the operational vehicle in the branch line system while restraining [3], introduction cost to approximately 65% by the perfection new product car ratio by reuse of the major equipment and the spare parts commonization with other forms and the commonization of the body design [3] [3].

Body

With the light weight body structure of all metal associate monocoque structure of a pro-6000 9-10 next car and a pro-6500 1-4 next car and the common design [10]. 18,150mm, a middle car are 18,100mm, and, as for the body head, top car is a forecited 2 form and a common dimension [11].

But, as for the front shape, each applicable group of the forecited 2 form did this system with the penetration structure with the penetration door like before a 6000 system eighth car and 6650 system in the wife side central part in four occasions whereas it was the non-penetration structure of the wife shape [12] [10]. In addition, I installed the beacon light of the light emitting diode (LED)-style rear beacon light, passage beacon light combined use in the front wood paneling part by right and left 1 light like 6650 system [7]. In addition, floor High School made a 40mm low floor it than 1,150mm that was the standard value of the car conventionally as 1,110mm than a rail (rail) aspect and reduced a step with a station platform and the floor [3].

I place the door for the double visitor of the 1,300mm width on the side three places of one side and did the door structure with a product made in stainless steel like 6650 system [3], but, as for this system, painting finish and the point that I did are different from the inside of car outside whereas 6650 system did the inside of car side with the no painting finish that a skin color of the stainless steel was exposed [3]. dD3D3D2 (d: as for the crew door, D: door for the visitor, each numerical value the number of sheets of the side window), middle car モ 3350 form are 2D3D3D2, and, as for the lateral window placement, top car モ 3300 form, ク 2300 form is the same as a 6000 system 9-10 next car and a 6500 system 1-4 next car [10]. But, as for the side window structure, this one step of system improved operability of the window opening and shutting as a drop type whereas one step of forecited 2 form was a rise type [3], and an aluminum skin color did a sash with exposed no painting finish again [5]. I installed classification, a destination display unit like a 6500 system fourth car completed on the lateral window for current system and same period [7].

The body painting painted the upper part in light gray to express 3 door cars from a doorstop rail established under a title page of the title page window for each visitor by one color of scarlet coating [5].

It was a seat specification longer than the beginning of completion, and the wall surface did the inside of car with the aluminum Decola finish of the cream system and did the seat epidermis (seat moquette) color with a red system [7]. The ceiling part assumed it flat ceiling structure, and one line located a blower (ラインデリア) in the rail direction in the ceiling part center [3] and adopted the cold wind air conditioner method that served as the cold wind outlet of the air conditioner [3]. The floor did an 800mm width share equivalent to the passage part as an undertone with gray with a red system and planned the harmony with the seat color [7]. In addition, the main motor check lid set up by a floor part in the car (trap door) did it with the buffering locking method that used rubber together for the purpose of cutting off the noise from the outside a car including a movement sound and the rail joint sound of the driving means [3].

Major equipment

As stated above, the run apparatus misappropriated a junk car outbreak article of 3850 system and the 3900 system [2]. But Mitsubishi Electric ABFM-154-MH 改 [13][* 2] which 3850 system carried is not misappropriated about the control unit [5] and is unified in electric camshaft type automatic acceleration control unit ES-568-A which is made in TOYO DENKI SEIZO K.K. with all cars [5].

3.21 (61:19), the drive type are about to hang the TOYO DENKI SEIZO K.K. TDK-528/18-PM direct current direct winding motor which is the standard model in the AL car [15] to four deployment [11], gear ratio per one motor car, and the main motor is an expression [11].

The cart attaches Sumitomo Metal Industries (existing Nippon Steel Sumikin) FS107 of the gel Ritz type that the モ 3300 form and the モ 3350 form assumed a bolster spring a leaf spring [11], and the ク 2300 form attaches axis spring-type Sumitomo Metal Industries FS13 that assumed a bolster spring a coil spring [11]. The FS107 cart misappropriated the FS13 cart than pro-3850 モ 3850 form and pro-3900 モ 3900 form, モ 3950 form more each than 3900 system ク 2900 form, サ 2950 form [8]; [13]. In addition, based on the use of this system, I founded a rail unction device to the FS13 cart which [3], ク 2300 form attached as operational measures in many branch line systems of the curve section [3]. I stop unction at the time of at the time of a high-speed run and the stop in the station yards to keep a function to control the speed of at the device [11], and to control the useless consumption of the lubricant [11].

The trigger assumes AMA / ACA automatic air brake using the A dialect common use braking [11]; attached to preservation brakes [11].

As for the heat exchange ventilating device (loss Ney) which the air conditioner is equipped with TOSHIBA RPU-3004AJ (ability for cooling 10,500 kcal/h) of the model same as 6000 system .6500 system .6650 system two engines per one [10], but was adopted in 6000 system .6500 system, abbreviated [10].

I adopted a construction product not a diversion product in circumstances [5] to secure the high power that it could supply to the deployment of the air conditioner and 3 bisection about supporting power-supply unit and the electric air compressor (CP) [5]. As for the supporting power-supply unit, all where [5], the electric air compressor adopted C-2000L AC of the AC drive [5] were equipped with TOYO DENKI SEIZO K.K. SVH70-447A standstill form inverter (SIV, triphase current 220V .60Hz, rating output 70kVA) using the GTO element to ク 2300 form [5]. The former was the same as the model which 5700 system adopted [10], and the latter improved the model which 7500 system carried on the occasion of apparatus update for AC drive [10].

The connector adopted a coherence automatic connector in the maegashira part of モ 3300 form and the ク 2300 form and adopted a stick connector in the middle connection department in the formation [11].

Operational

I was assigned to the Inuyama car-inspecting section with four three formation after the completion and started use at June 20 [4] mainly on Komaki Line, Kakamigahara Line, Hiromi Line mainly (1987) in 1987 [4]. I was allotted to the local train use in the main line system at first [16], but the use in the main line system became extinct taking advantage of time schedule revision of October 21 (1991) in 1991 [16] and worked full time for the use in the branch line system of the Inuyama district [16]. In addition, I started use in Chikko Line to replace it in the 3700.3730 system that was the HL car of the non-air conditioner managed in Chikko Line conventionally than March 12 [17] (1996) 1996 [17].

As a change after the introduction, as for [12], this system, a painting change was carried out with what was changed by dark gray taking advantage of introduction of the 3500 system of (1993) (two generations) for the coating of the door for the visitor who expressed 3 door cars later sequentially in injury 1993 by light gray [8]. Furthermore, because the need of the division faded with ratios among the whole being on the register roll vehicle of 3 door cars having increased later, it was abolished an injury for coating of the door region for the visitor with each 3 door cars form and it was scarlet one color coating [10] and I hung this system (2001) (2000) in October in 2001, the following day from October in 2000 and was changed the painting sequentially [5]. In addition, the air conditioner which 3301 formation was equipped with to January [5] (1998) in 1998 was changed for TOSHIBA RPU-3061 (ability for cooling 12,500 kcal/h), and the reinforcement of the capacity was planned [5].

It was this system managed in Komaki Line mainly [18], but it will be replaced taking advantage of a mutual extension operation start with Komaki Line and Nagoya municipal subway Kamiiida Line planned (2003) in March in 2003 later by 300 systems that is a new model vehicle corresponding to [19], direct driving and the autocrat driving [19]. Because a run apparatus to be equipped with for around 16 years was a high diversion product of old evil and the aging [20], as for the aging of this system, it was struck all cars from the register with [19] on a date on March 31, the same year to leave use with all cars with a mutual extension operation start of Komaki Line, Kamiiida Line in the time schedule revision on March 27 (2003) in 2003 [18] by the completion, and, as for this system, it was the total abolition [18]. In addition, I was about to hang it, and, by the total abolition of these systems, the passenger vehicle of drive specifications became extinct an automatic air brake from an overhead wire voltage 1,500V electrification route of Meitetsu except Seto Line [18].

It was got rid of all car dismantling after a junk car, but 7 bisection was transferred to Echizen Railway Co., Ltd. among FS107 cart and the master of TDK-528/18-PM motors which this system attached [18]. In addition, the LED-type beacon light was converted into a 6500 system first car equipped with incandescent lamp-type beacon light conventionally [19], and the SVH70-447A standstill form inverter was misappropriated on the occasion of assistance power-supply unit replacement of 1030 system モ 1131 [21] and 1380 system モ 1384. モ 1584 [22] [21]; [22].

Footnote

[Help]

Explanatory note

  1. ^ AL車でMT比2:1の編成を組成したものとしては、1975年(昭和50年)と1980年(昭和55年)の二度にわたって東京急行電鉄(東急)より同社3700系電車を譲り受けて導入した3880系がある[9]。ただし3880系の場合は輸送力増強目的で2M1T編成を組成した本系列とは異なり、名鉄AL車においては標準装備される弱め界磁制御機能を東急在籍当時に撤去していたことにより[9]、編成内の電動車比率を高めてAL車と同等の走行性能を確保する目的で2M1T編成を組成したものであった[9]
  2. ^ 製造当初は発電制動併用の電空単位スイッチ式自動加速制御装置であったが、1964年(昭和39年)に電動カム軸式の自動加速制御装置に改造され[14]、3850系に対して重整備工事と称する更新修繕工事が施工された1969年(昭和44年)には発電制動機能が撤去された[14]

出典

  1. ^ 「名鉄特集 車両総説」 (1996) p.43
  2. ^ a b c d e 「新車ガイド4 支線用通勤車 名鉄3300系登場」 (1987) pp.65 - 66
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 「名古屋鉄道 3300系」 (1988) p.159
  4. ^ a b c 「新車ガイド4 支線用通勤車 名鉄3300系登場」 (1987) p.64
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 「名鉄6750系の系譜 -名古屋鉄道 車体更新AL車の終焉-」 (2009) pp.21 - 22
  6. ^ 「私鉄車両めぐり(27) 名古屋鉄道 2」(1956) p.35
  7. ^ a b c d e 「新車ガイド4 支線用通勤車 名鉄3300系登場」 (1987) p.65
  8. ^ a b c d 「私鉄車両めぐり(154) 名古屋鉄道」 (1996) p.208
  9. ^ a b c 「昭和40年代の中部地方の電車 -主に名鉄を中心とした思い出-」 (2000) p.121
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h 「名古屋鉄道の車体更新AL車 -吊掛駆動の7300系・6750系・3300系-」 (2009) p.35
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 「新車ガイド4 支線用通勤車 名鉄3300系登場」 (1987) pp.66
  12. ^ a b 「私鉄車両めぐり(154) 名古屋鉄道」 (1996) p.204
  13. ^ a b 「名鉄6750系の系譜 -名古屋鉄道 車体更新AL車の終焉-」 (2009) pp.18 - 19
  14. ^ a b 「名鉄6750系の系譜 -名古屋鉄道 車体更新AL車の終焉-」 (2009) pp.17
  15. ^ 「名古屋圏の電車とTDK-528形主電動機」 (1996) pp.182 - 183
  16. ^ a b c 「名古屋鉄道にみる車体更新車の興味」 (1992) p.22
  17. ^ a b 「名鉄に見る運転と施設の興味」 (1996) p.116
  18. ^ a b c d e 「特集:名古屋鉄道 車両総説」 (2006) p.54
  19. ^ a b c d 「名古屋鉄道 現有車両プロフィール2005」 (2006) p.246
  20. ^ 『名鉄電車 昭和ノスタルジー』 p.99
  21. ^ a b 「名古屋鉄道 現有車両プロフィール2005」 (2006) p.208
  22. ^ a b 「名古屋鉄道 現有車両プロフィール2005」 (2006) pp.223 - 224

参考資料

書籍

雑誌記事

  • 鉄道ピクトリアル鉄道図書刊行会
    • 渡辺肇 「私鉄車両めぐり(27) 名古屋鉄道 2」 1956年11月号(通巻64号) pp.33 - 37
    • 石本俊三 「名古屋鉄道 3300系」 1988年5月臨時増刊号『新車年鑑 1988年版』(通巻496号) p.159
    • 白井良和 「名古屋鉄道にみる車体更新車の興味」 1992年3月号(通巻556号) pp.16 - 23
    • 石本俊三 「名鉄特集 車両総説」 1996年7月臨時増刊号(通巻624号) pp.39 - 44
    • 白井良和 「名鉄に見る運転と施設の興味」 1996年7月臨時増刊号(通巻624号) pp.113 - 117
    • 真鍋裕司 「名古屋圏の電車とTDK-528形主電動機」 1996年7月臨時増刊号(通巻624号) pp.181 - 183
    • 外山勝彦 「私鉄車両めぐり(154) 名古屋鉄道」 1996年7月臨時増刊号(通巻624号) pp.184 - 216
    • 清水武 「昭和40年代の中部地方の電車 -主に名鉄を中心とした思い出-」 2000年4月臨時増刊号(慶応義塾大学鉄研三田会 編『吊り掛け電車の響き』) pp.116 - 121
    • 田中義人 「特集:名古屋鉄道 車両総説」 2006年1月臨時増刊号(通巻771号) pp.47 - 55
    • 外山勝彦 「名古屋鉄道 現有車両プロフィール2005」 2006年1月臨時増刊号(通巻771号) pp.203 - 252
    • 外山勝彦 「名鉄6750系の系譜 -名古屋鉄道 車体更新AL車の終焉-」 2009年10月号(通巻824号) pp.14 - 24
    • 外山勝彦 「名古屋鉄道の車体更新AL車 -吊掛駆動の7300系・6750系・3300系-」 2009年10月号(通巻824号) pp.32 - 35
  • 鉄道ファン交友社
    • 田中正夫 「新車ガイド4 支線用通勤車 名鉄3300系登場」 1987年9月号(通巻317号) pp.64 - 67

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Train (two generations) of Meitetsu 3300 origin

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In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

2017년 2월 16일 목요일

Yurakucho information library

Yurakucho information library

The Yurakucho information library (I say) is a radio program broadcasting live in Nippon Broadcasting System at night of the weekend. I start on April 1, 2013.

Table of contents

Summary

As for the broadcast frame, an announcer of Nippon Broadcasting System broadcasts news from Nippon Broadcasting System with Nippon Broadcasting System news, traffic information, a weather forecast briefly with ten minutes.

I broadcasted it at first during the schedule of the interval of the program of the night of Monday.

On "- today, a frame moves by a start of daily - Good Job Japan" by the reorganization in the autumn of 2013 and is organized on the night of Saturday and the night of Sunday.

I usually added it to a printing block at the beginning .2015 beginning of the year .2016 beginning of the year, the end of the year for from the end of 2013 to 2014, and an extra edition was organized on the date and time following as a filler until the next program, and it was the inheritor of "the Yurakucho information intersection" virtually and broadcasted notices of the special program of the broadcast mainly for a message introduction and the year-end and New Year holidays from a listener [1].

  • The from the end of 2013 to 2014 beginning
    • Saturday, December 28: From 19:50 to 20:00 (Mantaro Kuri)
    • Monday, December 30: From 13:00 to 13:30 [2] (Masuyama sheath)
    • Wednesday, January 1: 12:30 - 13:30(Koji Iida
    • Thursday, January 2: 17:00 - 17:30(Takeshi Yamamoto
  • 2015 beginning of the year
    • Thursday, January 1: From 12:30 to 13:00
    • Friday, January 2: From 18:30 to 19:00 [3] (Takeshi Yamamoto)
  • 2016 beginning of the year
    • Saturday, January 2: From 16:00 to 16:30
  • The end of 2016
    • Friday, December 30: From 11:30 to 12:30 (plan)

Chat show of the broadcast "would talk of Midori Utsumi on the night of every Monday from April 13, 2015," but, with broadcasting it, and having stopped, reopened as a substitute program. However, there was a proposal of the program end from Midori Utsumi who was personality of the Class same order at one time [4]; collected it, and it was a regular program our program temporarily, and broadcast was continued until June 29, the same year [5]. Still the frame from July 6 of the next week to September 21 new face announcer, new line City Kei of the same year of the personality newly of program "new line City Kei ネタイチ turn-passenger was broadcasted newly!" [6].

Broadcast time

From April, 2013 to September

  • On Monday: For from 18:00 to 18:10, it is from 21:29 to 21:30 for from 20:29 to 20:30 for from 19:29 to 19:30 for from 18:49 to 18:50
  • On Sunday: From 18:50 to 19:00 (as a raincoat program of the day without the Nippon Broadcasting System show up night game)

From October, 2013 to September, 2014

  • On Saturday: From 21:20 to 21:30 (until March, 2014)
  • On Sunday: From 18:50 to 19:00 (as a raincoat program of the days from April, 2014 without the show up night game)

From October, 2014 to March, 2015

  • On Wednesday: From 21:40 to 21:50

From April, 2015 to June

  • On Monday: From 18:30 to 18:50

Personality

From April, 2013 to August

September, 2013

  • On Monday: I shift to a shift system with maternity leave of the Announcer weekly - Shinpo
  • On Sunday: Yosuke Hattori

From October, 2013 to March, 2014

  • On Saturday: Mantaro Kuri (Nippon Broadcasting System news desk)
  • On Sunday: Yosuke Hattori

From April, 2014 to September

From October, 2014 to March, 2015

From April, 2015 to June

Footnote

[Help]
  1. I read it on guidance Nippon Broadcasting System HP December 26, 2013 of the special program for the ^ 2013-2014 year-end and New Year holidays
  2. I contain ^ "life-support comfortable life radio-sell shopping"
  3. In ^ "the tonight Otho Para!" "welcome back" "slightly intoxicated evening talking" is contained
  4. It is planned the program resumption after having moved a limit from ^ January, 2017
  5. ^ Midori Utsumi radio program reads it on delivery, the same day on end Daily Sports May 11, 2015
  6. The new line that appeared to "an information library" of the broadcast on ^ June 29 is announced.

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Yurakucho information library

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

2017년 2월 13일 월요일

The history of the operating system

The history of the operating system

In the history of the operating system, I comment on the history of the relatively recent calculator from the viewpoint of operating system (the OS).

I provide function group necessary to control the hardware of function group and the computer that most application programs of the computer need the OS and use, and to synchronize it. An early computer did not have the OS and completely grasped the hardware specifications of the computer even if the individual program executed a normal task, and it was necessary to control the peripheral devices such as a printer or the punched card leader by paying own expenses. As hardware and an application program became complicated, the OS became required.

The history (English version) of the computing
Calculator before 1960
Calculator after the 1960s
Artificial intelligence
Comp-sci (English version)
The operating system
Programming language
Software engineering (English version)
Graphical user interface (English version)
The Internet
Personal computer
Note PC (English version)
TV game
World Wide WebEnglish version
Furthermore, I see it

Table of contents

Background

The early computer was a mainframe and did not have the OS. The user of this time used a machine alone and I prepared for a program and data in form of the punched card and magnetic tape person hole tape beforehand and came over. I let a machine read the program and let you execute a program until it is completed or crashes. The debugging of the program used toggle switch and the lamp of the control panel. It is said that the alane Turing was good at such a work in one of the early computers Manchester Mark I. He has already arrived at the basic concept of "the operating system" from a principle of the all-around Turing machine.

The programmer developed symbolic language, an assembler, a compiler and I wrote it with the program cord that a program written in a binary directly was encoded till then and came to convert it into a binary automatically. Furthermore, I gather up a supporting program handling input and output as a library and store it to a punched card and a magnetic tape and I link with a user's program and come to use it. The structure is a beginning of modern operating system. However, the machine was able to yet carry out only one job at a time at that point. Drew tape to the wash-line pole in British Cambridge University and performed job management of the human power to attach a colored clothespin to each, and to show priority.

When the performance of the computer improved, time to take grew big to really succeed the use from a user to a user than the time when I calculated. I checked the clock which hung over the wall and charged it, but a computer came to take the log automatically till then. The orchid cue was a cue of the users who lined up before a door literally, but it was a reservation list, and they came to pile up the punched card of plural jobs to a leader, and the OS came to finally choose order online, to do a magnetic tape unit automatically. A program developer operated a machine directly and carried out a job, but the exclusive duty operator who performed the maintenance of the machine came to replace it and it was hand-operated and came to rarely set a task once. When the calculation center came to be satisfied as business, it became the problem that data were lost in bugs of the input and output, and the device vendor came to cannot but strengthen a run time library to prevent misuse of the system resource. The automatic monitoring came to amount to the pages that made prints, the number that I punched of cards, the number that I read of cards, the disk space that I used as well as the use of CPU situation, and the function that the intervention of the operator including job practice magnetic tape exchange told about a necessary phenomenon was born. For security capability, an inspection evidence function to record which program accessed which file was increased by the OS and came to prevent unjust access such as a technology calculation program accessing a salary account book file.

All these functions became a part of the complete operating system. And the run time libraries evolved and came to start before job injection and accepted a job and controlled the practice and recorded the use of resource situation and came to have the function to assign it again, and to carry out the next job of the resource when a job completed it. Called it with a monitor or a monitor program, and the program to be stationed in this background, and to manage the whole system came to be called the operating system later.

It may be said that a program to perform management of the hardware, scheduling of the software, resource monitoring is the ancestor of the user intention OS of the later personal computer times. However, the thing which the OS means changes with the times. An old car had neither the speedometer nor the radio nor the air-conditioner, but they became supplied later. Like it, an optional software function became the standard function of many OS packages. But the application such as database management system and the spreadsheet is still optional and is sold separately. Therefore, speaking of the OS, I include a graphical user interface in the present age and comprise utility group and come to point to the system including application and setting tools such as text editor or the File Manager.

The true descendant of the early OS is a part called "a kernel" now. In the technical field, the OS in the meaning from old times is still kept. This is because development of the embedded operating system of the electronic equipment with various data handling from a portable device to an industrial robot and a real-time control system is still performed lively, and most do not carry out the application of the front end which a user sees. The modern embedded OS is not a thing far apart in comparison with the ancestors of the OS of the 1950s that much either.

Mainframe era

It is GM-NAA I/O that the study section [1] of General Motors developed for IBM 704 in 1956 to be said to be the world's first OS put to practical use [2]. A customer developed the OS for many other early IBM mainframes by oneself [3].

The early operating system was very various, and a vendor and a customer brought about various OS's for a specific mainframe. Even if it was the same vendor, a command system and an assembly operation, facility for the debugging made plural totally different OS's. Generally, whenever a maker developed a new model, the new operating system was developed and I revised application with human power each time and compiled it again and evaluated it again.

OS of the computer made in IBM

Such state continued until the 1960s, but IBM which distinguished itself as a hardware vendor stopped the development of various systems which I developed till then and came to concentrate on development of the System/360 series. It is all the series that standardized the input and output architecture using the same instruction set from a small machine to a large-scale machine. IBM was going to develop single operating system OS/360 for this series. The problem that occurred by development of OS/360 half becomes the legend and is described in "the myth in a person month" of Frederick Brooks that it may be said with the classic of the software engineering. In OS/360, it was of the OS family without covering the whole series by the really single OS because performance of the whole series was too different, and software development delayed [4]; [5].

IBM will release two following operating system for a long time.

  • The OS for scale out of OS/360 - and large scales. Three kinds of constitution options existed.
    • A product for PCP - initial users. There is not a resource for the multiprogramming.
    • Scale system use out of MFT -. It became MFT-II in OS/360 Release 15/16. Furthermore, succession included OS/VS1, but I develop it in the 1980s and am completed.
    • MVT - large scale system use. I am similar in PCP and MFT and most of (the transplant of the program allows it between 3 people without compiling it again), but memory management is refined and comprises time sharing facility TSO. Succession of MVT includes z/OS.
  • In a product for small models of DOS/360 - System/360, there are some succession, and there is z/VSE. It is greatly different from OS/360.

Because IBM always maintained compatibility, even the program that I developed in the 60s is executable without a change in current z/VSE (program case for DOS/360) and z/OS (in the case of a program for MFT and MVT).

IBM developed time sharing system TSS/360 for System/360 Model 67, but did not release it formally.

The OS that a third party developed for System/360 and System/370 includes Michigan Terminal System (MTS) or MUSIC/SP.

OS of other mainframes

The Control Data corporation (CDC) develops the SCOPE operating system for the batch processing in the 1960s and develops the MACE operating system for the time sharing afterwards. MACE became the base of later KRONOS. I developed KRONOS and the NOS operating system of the succession in cooperation with the University of Minnesota in the 1970s. The NOS supported batch processing and time sharing at the same time. Like many commercial time sharing systems, the interface expanded the interface of DTSS which was the time sharing system of the dawn.

In the late 1970s, CDC developed PLATO system which adopted plasma display and a long-distance time-share ring network in cooperation with University of Illinois. PLATO was extremely innovative for those days, and the application such as real-time chat and the graphical game of the multi user type was enabled by the shared memory model of the programming language TUTOR.

UNIVAC which produced commercial computers from an infantility developed a series of OS's called EXEC. Like the OS for early other mainframes, I manage the magnetic drum memory, magnetic disk, card reader, line printer by the batch processing-oriented OS. When it was the 1970s, UNIVAC developed Real-Time Basic (RTB) system for large-scale time sharing. This imitated DTSS and the Dartmouth BASIC system, too.

In B5000 which Burroughs announced in 1961, I adopted the OS called MCP (Master Control Program). B5000 is written without using a machine language and the assembly language with the stack machine which was designed to support a high-level language even in a core part of the OS. MCP uses ESPOL which is a dialect of ALGOL by the world's first OS that the whole was written in a high-level language. But ESPOL included a special sentence corresponding to the instruction set of B5000. Besides, there is advanced characteristic in MCP [NB 1] and implements virtual storage as the commercial OS quickly. The OS that rewrote MCP for B5000 is still used in the ClearPath/MCP series of Unisys.

GE developed the OS called GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor) for the GE-600 series. When Honeywell got a computer section of GE, I changed my name with GCOS (General Comprehensive Operating System).

Project MAC of Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed Multics in cooperation with GE and Bell Laboratories. The new features such as ring protections were introduced in Multics.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed large number of OS's for various computer series. For example, there is a time sharing system called TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 for PDP-10 of 36 bits. TOPS-10 was used well at a university before Unix spread, and even the early ARPANET was used well.

When performance of the hardware improved, I operated similar software by plural systems, and it became often said that I transplanted software in 異機種間 from the late 1960s through late 1970s. Therefore I used microprogramming by the early system and even if it was the architecture that became the base, it was the same from software and might show it. For example, in System/360 of IBM, the model after 360/40 becomes the microprogram implementation (except 360/165 and 360/168). However, a method to secure compatibility of the application by other means soon became mainstream.

Sudden rise of minicomputer and Unix

Development of Unix began in Bell Laboratories of AT&T at the about the end of 1960s. The early printing block is available easily free and will spread widely because the correction was easy. It became the procurement requirements in the subsidiary group of AT&T again. If even the new architecture supported even C language because it was written by C language, the transplant was easy. It was adopted with the second generation minicomputer and the first generation work station widely by this transplant-related good point. Because it was adopted widely, I will illustrate a way of thinking to sit on various hardware platforms, and to use the same operating system conceptually. The current UNIX was proprietary software, and only a company and the organization which could pay license charges used it, but, as for Unix, it was one in the origin of the open source exercise.

In addition, DEC developed some operating system for PDP-11 of 16 bits. It is simple RT-11, RSTS of the time sharing type, RSX-11 family of the Real-time Operating System. I developed VMS for the VAX of 32 bits.

The system which developed for the same period includes Pick which Microdata Corporation developed. Originally Pick begins as a supporting program of the database applications and is the example which evolved to the OS.

An 8 bits home computer and game console

Home computer

Commodore 64, Apple II, 8 bits plane of Atari, Amstrad CPC, most of 8 bits home computers of the 1980s such as ZX Spectrum loaded the OS such as CP/M and GEOS from a floppy disk and were able to use it, but generally often used it without the OS. In many cases, BASIC interpreter was sold to ROM in the state that it stored, and it functioned as the simple OS. Simple file operation (deletion, copy), the format of the disk, a road and practice of the application were possible.

I was often used in entertainment and an education purpose, and it was rare to use those machines for business and a technology calculation, and there was few that the true OS was required.

Because another reason why the OS was not required was a machine of the single user who executed a single task, and the primary storage used the processor of low 8 bits of the performance small (generally there were many cases from 64KB to 128KB of at 256KB from 4KB), this was because it could not ignore an extra overhead to suffer from by using the OS.

The application such as word processors at the time controlled the whole hardware by paying own expenses, and it was similar with the video game.

A game console and game

(the の clone and the derivative were analog "pop"), this flattered it with complete digital electronic equipment, and almost all game consoles and arcade game consoles which designed it after 1980, and were produced had only minimum BIOS to John, SEGA master system, SNK neo-geo-といった product. In addition, Nintendo Entertainment System and the clone gain success by a design not to have BIOS at all.

PCエンジンを初めとする現代的なゲーム機では、最小限のBIOSを備えるのが一般的となり、メモリーカード管理、CD再生、コピーガードといった機能を備え、時には開発者向けのライブラリを備えるようになった。しかし、これらを真のOSと呼ぶことはほとんどない。

特筆すべき例外としてドリームキャストがある。プレイステーションと同様に最小限のBIOSを備えているが、ゲームディスクから Windows CE オペレーティングシステムをロードでき、PC/AT互換機からのゲーム移植を容易にしていた。Xboxでは、Microsoft Windows に修正を加えたOSがバックグラウンドで密かに動作しており、PCの一種と言えなくもない。ドリームキャストやその後のゲーム機で動作する Linux もある。

ソニーは初代プレイステーション向けのソフトウェア開発キットネットやろうぜ!」をリリースしている。通常のPC上で動作する一連の開発ツールと、PCと接続してプログラムをダウンロードして実行できる黒いプレイステーションが含まれていた。これには両プラットフォーム上で動作するOSを必要とする。

1990年代までのゲーム機やアーケードゲームはBIOSのような機能を組み込んでいたが、プレイステーション以降はそれがどんどん洗練されていき、OSと呼んでも差し支えないものになっていった。

パーソナルコンピュータ時代: Apple、Amiga、PC/MS/DR-DOSとその後

マイクロプロセッサが開発されたことで中小企業や趣味で使える低価格のコンピュータが登場し、共通規格化されたハードウェア部品が広く使われるようになった(S100バス、SS-50、Apple IIISAPCIといったバス)。すると、それらを制御する「標準」のオペレーティングシステムの必要性が増していった。初期の重要なOSとして、デジタルリサーチが開発した8080/8085/Z80といったCPU向けのCP/M-80がある。DECのいくつかのOS(主にPDP-11用OS)をベースとした設計となっている。マイクロソフトの最初のOSであるM-DOSもPDP-11のOSに倣い、マイクロプロセッサ向けに開発された。IBMのMS-DOSまたはPC DOSは、当初CP/M-80をベースとしていた。このころのマシンには小さなブートプログラムを格納したROMがあり、それがディスクからOS自体をロードする。IBM PCBIOSはこの考え方を拡張したもので、1981年に最初のIBM PCが登場してから20年間でより多くの機能が追加されていった。

表示装置とプロセッサのコストが低減されてくると、多くのOSでグラフィカルなユーザインタフェース(GUI)を実用的なコストで提供できるようになっていった。Unix向けには汎用的な X Window System が登場し、他にも Microsoft Windowsラジオシャックの Color Computer 向けの OS-9 Level II/MultiVue、コモドールAmigaOSアップルMac OSIBMOS/2といったグラフィカルなインタフェースを備えたOSが登場した。GUI搭載オペレーティング環境のインスピレーションとなったのは、ゼロックスパロアルト研究所で1970年代に開発された暫定Dynabookと言われ、それを多くのベンダーが真似ていった。

暫定Dynabook(Smalltalk)の生み出したもう一つの遺産であるオブジェクト指向については、ネクスト・コンピュータNEXTSTEPが引き継ぎ、発展させた。

仮想化の発展

元々、OSはハードウェア上で直接動作し、アプリケーションへのサービスを提供していた。IBM System/360 Model 67 上の CP-67と、System/370上の Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) が仮想機械の考え方を導入し、OSがハードウェアを直接制御するのではなく、ハイパーバイザの制御下でOSを実行する方式を採用した。このテクノロジーをパーソナルコンピュータ上で広めたのがVMwareである。その後、仮想機械とモニターとOSの境界は徐々にぼやけていった。

  • ハイパーバイザーはより複雑化していき、自前のAPI[6]、メモリ管理やファイルシステム[7]を持つに至っている。
  • 仮想化はOSの重要な機能の1つとなっている。例えば、Microsoft Windows Server 2008Hyper-VHP-UXHP Integrity Virtual Machines などがある。
  • IBMPOWER5POWER6ベースのサーバなどのシステムでは、ハイパーバイザーがオプションではなく必須となっている[8]
  • VMモニター上で直接動作するよう再設計されたアプリケーションもある[9]

最近ではかつてOSが占めていた位置を仮想化ソフトウェアが占めるようになってきており、ハードウェアリソース(プロセッサ、メモリ、周辺機器)の管理機能、スケジューリング機能、システム管理者のためのインタフェースなどを提供している。

脚注

  1. ^ B5000はフェランティAtlasと同時代のマシンである。

出典

  1. ^ See Rand Corporation publication by Robert Patrick (PDF)
  2. ^ "Timeline of Computer History: 1956: Software". コンピュータ歴史博物館. 2008年5月25日閲覧。
  3. ^ A Brief History of Linux
  4. ^ Johnston (April 1, 2005). "VSE: A Look at the Past 40 Years". z/Journal (Thomas Communications, Inc.) (April/May 2005). 
  5. ^ Chuck Boyer, The 360 Revolution (PDF)
  6. ^ "VMware API". VMware. 2008年11月26日閲覧。
  7. ^ "VMware file system". 2008年11月26日閲覧。
  8. ^ "PowerVM Virtualization on IBM System p: Introduction and Configuration". 2008年11月26日閲覧。
  9. ^ "JRockit's Liquid VM could be the first real Java OS". 2008年11月26日閲覧。

参考文献

  • Neal Stephenson (November 1999). In the Beginning... Was the Command Line. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0380815931.  OSの歴史を解説した読み物

関連項目

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The history of the operating system

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