The army which led サラディン in the end of April, 1187 crossed the Jordan from the east to the west and went into the ナザレト area. K.T. president Gerard do リドフォール made a sortie with knight 150 horse men as soon as I received this report. When both militaries met, he commanded it to let knight 80 horse men charge at Jack do Maie of マレシャル (military duties Director General), and a skirmish happened between both militaries. The skirmish continued until the next day and サラディン which put its shoulder to the wheel spent the army of 7,000 people and challenged you to a full-scale battle. In contrast, I cursed Knights of St. John of Jerusalem president Roge do Moulin to advise on withdrawal with a coward, and リドフォール repeated a charge. The result was a complete defeat called three survivors, and Moulins and Maie were also included in the dead person. By the way, I put on the bad reputation that リドフォール which sustained itself shamelessly ran away meanly though it was the cause of this complete defeat, and survived [1].
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As for the magnetism, a classification is accomplished variously. For example, ferromagnetism is well known in the magnetic classification, but the material with ferromagnetism can bring about a sustained magnetic field by oneself. In addition, the magnetic field is caused by the electric currents. By the way, every material comes under some kind of influences except for a difference of the degree by a magnetic field. If there is the material made come near in the magnetic field (paramagnetic), there is the material repelling the magnetic field (diamagnetic). Furthermore, there is the material having a magnetic field and complicated relations. Besides, I may show various magnetism by conditions such as the temperature to depend on the temperature (or pressure and neighboring magnetic fields) of a certain material in condition magnetic (or an aspect) even if it is one material. But the influence that a material receives in most cases by a magnetic field is small so as not to be able to detect it if I do not use the special device. Above all, the material which can ignore the influence of the magnetic field is called nonmagnetic (non-magnetic) material, and, for example, copper, aluminum, general gas, synthetic resin are included in this. For a nonmagnetic material, an artificial iron alloy such as the steel certain as a material (ferromagnetic material) indicating the magnetism that is strong so as to understand it easily when I use it including the special device is well known. In addition, a human being does not need to add a hand that the mineral such as magnetite (natural magnet) or the pyrrhotite is a ferromagnetic material and is apparent because the name has "磁" of "the magnet", and the magnet which can grasp that I have magnetic force is known to have possibilities to be generated naturally.
The magnetic force is basic power caused by the campaign for electric charge. A source and the behavior of the place to influence magnetic force are described by Maxwell equation (the law of ビオ Savart is reference). Thus, the magnetism appears anytime if a particle with an electric charge exercises. The magnetism occurs by the electronic exercise in the electric current, and is called electromagnetism; and electronic quantum mechanics-like orbit exercise produce it by a spin, and it is in a source of of the permanent magnet (do not perform orbit movement such as the planet where the electron goes round the sun, but "the effective electronic speed" exists).
History
That, according to Aristotle, it is Thales to have done a scientific discussion about the world's oldest magnetism (from B.C. 625 to 545); [1]. DoctorSusruta uses a magnet for an operation in ancient India at the same time [2].
With the description about the magnetism "to attract iron as for the magnet" to "ogre Valley child" of the fourth century in ancient China B.C. [3]. With the description, "a magnet attracts a needle" to "a Chinese book on philosophy" written from 20 through 100 in A.D. [4]. Chinese 科学者沈括 (1031–1095) describes a direction magnetic needle by "dream valley conversation by writing" in the eleventh century.
In 1187, Alexander ネッカム described a direction magnetic needle and the application to the voyage for the first time in Europe. "Magnetic letter" (Epistola de magnete) which ペトルス ペレグリヌス wrote in 1269 is the oldest article to exist that I wrote down about the property of the magnet. In 1282, astronomer, Al = Ashraf of the geographer describe a magnet and the property of the direction magnetic needle in physicists of Islam [5].
In 1600, William Gilbert publishes De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (menstruation of the earth as a magnet and a magnetic body and the large magnet). I show various laboratory findings using terrella which modelled the earth in that. By such an experiment, as for him, earth in itself had magnetism and concluded it when geomagnetism thereby occurred, and a direction magnetic needle pointed to the north. In Europe, an opinion to be the island made of an opinion that it was the polestar to attract a direction magnetic needle (Polaris) and huge magnets in the North Pole was believed till then.
The classic electromagnetism had to wait for quantum-mechanical establishment of the early 20th century to discuss the magnetic origin of the material in earnest although it was completed at the end of 19th century. This is because I cannot explain the magnetism of the material in the classic system that is macro for a theorem of Bohr = fan リューエン. After quantum-mechanical establishment, it was recognized that it was essence in the material magnetic origin that an electron and nuclear spin angular momentum to have were microscopic. Central Werner Heisenberg who played the part submitted a theory of the strong magnetic substance based on the quantum theory in the quantum-mechanical establishment in 1928 [7]. Including a theory of Heisenberg, the magnetic study of the material using the quantum mechanics began in earnest, but a debate continued for 30 years I was opposed to a theory of Heisenberg whom an electron located in the atomic nucleus neighborhood carried magnetism on, and Felix Bloch, Edmund ストーナー supported journey electron theory [8] that the electron which wandered about through the whole material carried magnetism on [9], and which theory shot the mark. Meanwhile, discovery, explanation of the new magnetic structure such as nail antiferromagnetism, weak ferromagnetism were carried out. The material that each place theory of the constipated station was effective was found, and, as for the localized electronic theory vs. journey electronic theoretical fight, it became clear that which theory shot the mark to some extent.
When it was 1949, a concept of the localization of the journey electron with the electronic correlation was brought by Neville motte [10], and building up the foundation of of the electronic localization in the Hubbard squash model was done using a concept of the motte in 1959 by Philip Anderson [11]. The frame which handled a journey electron and a localized electron integrally was in this way established. Motte and Anderson won Nobel Prize in Physics by this achievement in the same way with John station wagon ブレック which studied magnetism in 1977 (basics of electronic structure theoretical study pro-magnetic body and disorder an awarding reason:).
When it was the late 20th century, I showed a stronger desire to deep understanding than I corresponded to the property of material electronic spins to have, and elucidation of material magnetism order advanced from an association between monster system high-temperature superconductor and magnetic order cuprate, the magnetic industrial use, the development of the spintronics. I could operate magnetic structure in a material artificially, and the hard disk drive which recorded information was put to practical use by the ferromagnetic structure called the magnetic domain.
On the scale that is smaller than atom and it, these relations are expressed at magnetic moment and the ratio of the angular momentum namely gyromagnetic ratio.
Many elementary particles have "inborn character" (or "a spin") that is not zero magnetic moment. I may have the magnetic moment that is not zero so that each particle has mass and an electric charge.
The physical cause that an object has magnetism toward is a magnetic dipole to produce to an atom unlike the case of the electric current. The magnetic dipole on the atom scale or the magnetic moment occurs because of two kinds of electronic exercise. The first is electronic railroad track motion turning around around an atomic nucleus. I can consider this to be the loop of the electric current and produce orbit magnetic moment in the axial direction of the atom. The source of the second much stronger magnetic moment is a quantum mechanics-like property called the spins. This called the spin magnetic moment (is not said that but an electron really rotates by the modern quantum-mechanical theory physically, and work on a track around an atomic nucleus). In addition, there is the magnetic moment in an atomic nucleus, but generally there is only strength of several thousand part of electronic it and hardly influences the magnetism of the material. However, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use, for example, the nuclear magnetic moment.
The general magnetic moment of the atom becomes the grand total of individual electronic magnetic moment. I deny the magnetic moment suitable for the objection that the pair of some electrons has in both the orbit exercise and the spin magnetic moment each other that the magnetic dipole rallies each other and is going to lower energy of the original taste. Therefore, magnetic moment is completely usually denied with the atom which an electron shell and a subshell are completely filled with. It is only the atom which an electron shell is filled with partially to have magnetic moment, and the strength is non-fixed with an anti-electronic number.
Therefore the difference in electron configuration every various elements decides a property and strength of the magnetic moment of the atom and decides the magnetic characteristic difference of various materials again. In addition, the magnetic characteristic changes by the temperature (it becomes difficult at the high temperature that an electron continues unidirectionally exercising by the campaign for unintentional numerator all together). The magnetic behavior of some following forms is seen with various materials.
There is the diamagnetism to every material and shows a tendency to repel the magnetic field. However, paramagnetism becomes dominant with the material with paramagnetic (tendency to strengthen an outside magnetic field) [13]. Therefore, the phenomenon of the diamagnetism is observed only with the material which only diamagnetism has though every material has diamagnetism. The electron makes a pair with the diamagnetic material by all means and the electronic spin magnetic moment is always offset and does not cause a macroscopic effect at all. In that case, electronic orbit movement causes the magnetization and can understand as follows classically.
The electron turning around around an atomic nucleus will catch the Lorentz force by the magnetic field in addition to the coulomb force between the atomic nucleus when I put a material in the magnetic field. By a direction of the electronic exercise, central force is strengthened, and an electron is drawn to an atomic nucleus and is separated adversely. Therefore, the electronic magnetic moment with magnetic field and orbit magnetic moment for reverse becomes strong, and the electronic magnetic moment to have the orbit magnetic moment of the direction same as a magnetic field is weakened (Lenz's law). As a result, magnetic moment for reverse occurs in the whole material with the magnetic field.
The change of such an orbit happens with every material, but cannot observe the phenomenon of the diamagnetism because the electronic effect that does not make a pair is relatively big with paramagnetism and the ferromagnetic material.
The strong magnetic substance has the electron which is not a pair like paramagnetic substance, too. Therefore, when I was put in the magnetic field, those magnetic moment has a property to be unidirectionally prepared, but each magnetic moment tends to be going to be prepared each other to keep an energy state low at the same time. Therefore the electron in the material continues maintaining the same direction even if I remove a magnetic field and can become the permanent magnet.
The ferromagnetic material has the temperature called a Curie point or the Curie point each and loses ferromagnetism in the state more high temperature than it. Because an atom and molecules exercise by a high temperature in a disorderly manner, this is not to be able to keep the agreement of the direction necessary to show ferromagnetism.
The influence that a magnet gives to the magnetic domain
When one magnetic domain grows too much big, it becomes unstable and is divided in two magnetic domains for reverse. Then it becomes like the right figure, and an adjacent magnetic domain will attract it more strongly.
A magnetic domain grows up like a left-hand figure and comes to gather in the direction of the magnetic field when I put strong magnetic substance in the magnetic field. Remove outside magnetic field; even if is, the state of the magnetic domain may not be restored. Therefore the ferromagnetic material is magnetized and becomes the permanent magnet.
^Heisenberg, Werner K. (1928). "zur theorie des ferromagnetismus". Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei61 (3-4): 619-636.
^Bloch, Felix (1930). "zur theorie des ferromagnetismus". Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei61 (3-4): 206-219.
^Stoner, Edmund C. (1930). "The magnetic and magneto-thermal properties of ferromagnetics". Philosophical Magazine Series 710 (62): 27-48.
^Mott, N. F. (1949). "The Basis of the Electron Theory of Metals, with Special Reference to the Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A62 (7): 416.
^Anderson, P.W. (1959). "New Approach to the Theory of Superexchange Interactions". Physical Review115 (1): 1.
Furlani, Edward P. (2001). Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis and Applications. Academic Press. ISBN0-12-269951-3. OCLC162129430.
Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-805326-X. OCLC40251748.
Kronmüller, Helmut. (2007). Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials, 5 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-470-02217-7. OCLC124165851.
Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN0-7167-0810-8. OCLC51095685.
David K. Cheng (1992). Field and Wave Electromagnetics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.. ISBN0-201-12819-5.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
