검색어 politicians에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시
검색어 politicians에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시

2016년 11월 18일 금요일

Josse F Iloilo

Josse F Iloilo

Josse F Iloilo
Josefa Iloilo
Josefa Iloilo.jpg
Josse F Iloilo


Fijian flag Fiji
The third President
The term of office 2000July 132006December 5

Fijian flag Fiji
The fourth President
The term of office 2007January 42009July 30

Birth 1920December 29
Flag of Fiji 1924-1970.svg Fiji, バ prefecture ブンダ
The death February 6, 2011 (90 years old death)
Fijian flag Fiji, Suva
Spouse カブー IloiloEnglish version

Josse F various (Fijian: for Josefa Iloilo, from December 29, 1920 to February 6, 2011) Fijian politicians. I add title "ラツ" (Ratu) of the tribe long class in the country to a head and may be transcribed into ラツ Josse F Iloilo (Ratu Josefa Iloilo). I acted as the President (third .4s) of the country.

Life

The western part of Viti Levu island bi; village birth to feel relieved. I took office as the President on July 13, 2000 and was reappointed in 2006. When a coup d'etat occurred on December 5, the same year, I lost the authority of the President, but was returned on January 4, 2007. However, Iloilo is done with a posture close to Commander Frank バイニマラマ national military which led a coup d'etat (as for the acting prime minister, the coup d'etat middle acting president), and バイニマラマ is strong; was said that was under influence of you.

On July 30, 2009 when I became the oldest sovereign in 88 years old and the world, I retire from the President by a health problem. The epee re-ナイラティカウ (English version) Vice President takes office as acting president and takes office as the fifth President formally on November 5, the same year.

On February 6, 2011, I die because of a disease [1]. 90 years old death.

Footnote

  1. ^ former-fiji-president-dies Former Fiji president dies radio New Zealand 6 February 2011
Public office
Predecessors in the family line:
Frank バイニマラマ
(representation)

  The President of Republic of the Fiji Islands
The fourth: From 2007 to 2009
The next era:
Epee re-ナイラティカウEnglish version
Predecessors in the family line:
カミッセ mullahEnglish version
  The President of Republic of the Fiji Islands
The third: 2000 – 2006
The next era:
Frank バイニマラマ
(representation)

Predecessors in the family line:
Josiah タヴァイキアEnglish version
イノケ タキヴェイカタEnglish version

  The Vice President of Republic of the Fiji Islands
1997 – 2000
The next era:
ジョペ セニロリEnglish version

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2018년 3월 3일 토요일

KDD incident

KDD incident

|This article is not shown at all or insufficient. Please cooperate in improving the reliability of the article. (February 2017) — | —

The KDD case(KDD Jiken) is based on the company (KDD. Current ·) who came out to light in October.

table of contents

Outline of case

In 1979, two customs staff who thought KDD employees who came along with the president who visited Moscow and arrived at New Tokyo international airport (now, Narita airport) via London interrogated the customs officials It was discovered that about 30 points of high-class jewelry equivalent to tens of millions of yen were about to be brought in.

Although the company initially said it was a "personal inadvertent mistake", it was discovered that the same smuggling was repeated in subsequent investigations, and that it was an organizational crime of the company president and the company under the president. The smuggled goods were used for gifts to business partners, etc. It turned out that employees in the president's office had brought items of 100 million yen or more, more than 20 times only after the opening of Narita.

Background of the incident

  • 1979
  • October 2 - Two KDD employees at Narita airport will be caught by Narita customs department unfiltered and underdeclared to illegally bring luxury from abroad.
    • This news report covers KDD 's accounting for turbulence with news coverage, after that, · · started joint investigation.
  • October 25 - President Ishino Ken, KDD, resigned taking responsibility for the incident.
  • December 4 - - Searching 23 households including KDD headquarters for violating customs laws (until 5th).
  • December 5 - Metropolitan Police Department, searching for a house in front of Ishino former president.
  • 1980
  • January 24 - Yamaguchi Kiyonaga Manager of the management research department of the KDD head office management analysis manager (former president secretary), at home.
  • February 6 - Shigetaka Yasuda KDD former president's participation committed suicide by throwing himself into an express from the upstream home.
  • February 24 - Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Yoichi Sato arrested for violation of the former president of KDD (arrested again on charges of bribery at a later date).
  • March 15 - Tokyo Prosecutors Office prosecuted Sato.
  • March 18 - Matsui Kiyutake Department of Telecommunications Superintendent of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Hidemi Hidemi, Ministry of Posts and Regional Posts Bureau of International Affairs, arrested for bribery, suspicion extended to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
  • April 5 - Metropolitan Police Department, Isono KDD former president, arrested for embezzlement on business and confiscated fine arts.
  • April 8 - Tokyo District Prosecution, Matsui · Hidaka indicted.
  • April 26 - Tokyo District Prosecution, indict on Itano.
  • April 30 - The investigation ends without touching political circles.
  • May 7 - Report of the 120 million yen that flowed from the KDD to the political circle from the criminal investigation two section chief at the committee meeting. However, we do not disclose any names of 190 politicians who received it.
    • April 26 - Tokyo district court, Itano former president imprisonment 1 year 6 months (execution suspension time 3 years), Sato former president of the president to three years imprisonment (execution suspension time 4 years), Matsui · Hidaka both former postal bureaucrats He sentenced to 1 year imprisonment (execution suspension time 3 years) and a surcharge for the amount of bribes. Other than Itano, appealed without confirmation.
    • October - Supreme Court, Itano, the president's president's appeal dismissed, 10 months imprisonment (two years for suspension of execution) is confirmed.

Impact of incident

  • At that time, about the KDD which monopolizes international communication and raises huge profit, what was made clear during the investigation process is the use of expenses to devote public and private confusion and company of President Itano serving as high-level bureaucrat of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications , The anger of public opinion was frightful.
  • In addition, KDD's dating entrance fee, which was huge as 5.8 billion in the past three years, is only for the provision, 190 people politicians, with the postal service centered on 120 million yen, purchase party tickets It was scattered as a political contribution, and overseas entertainment, including private overseas travel expenses, became clear to top executives of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. However, the construction situation to the political circle was not pursued until the end, no political figures were made.
  • At that time, prestige of the prime minister fell sharply due to successive scandals such as the Las Vegas gaming incident / accidental accident case of the House of Representatives. On May 16, 1980, the Social Democratic Party's submitted Cabinet no-confidence proposal was passed by the absence of the LDP anti-mainstream faction, and it became the first time in the history of constitutional affairs that the same day election will be held.

Related item

footnote

1. ****Kazuhisa Haraguchi "Narita Airport 365 days", 2000, 204-205.

This item is related to · (including criminals · criminal organizations etc.)****. Please do (). — | —

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2017년 3월 3일 금요일

Tamura grows

Tamura grows

The original notation is "Tamura 秢". The title added to this article becomes incorrect from the limitation of the article name by a technical limit.

Tamura 秢 (たむらみのる, 1894 (1894) October 3 [1] -1991 year (1991) November 19 [1]) is a Japanese politician, lawyer. Member of the House of Representatives (the first). Father [2] of Speaker of the House of Representatives Hajime Tamura. A grandfather [3] of Liberal Democratic Party member of the House of Representatives Norihisa Tamura.

Career

Current Matsusaka-shi, Mie native place [4]. I graduate from Tokyo Imperial University incorporated administrative agency department in 1921. I become a lawyer and I receive recommendation of two wards of triple administration support society in the 21st member of the House of Representatives general election of 1942 and, through a triple member of prefectural assembly, the chairperson, am elected you (so-called "support candidate"). I belonged to support politics society [5], Japan politics society [6], the Japanese Progressive Party [7] during holding the post. Became the purge from public service after the war because was a recommendation member of the administration support society [8]; [9].

I act as a lawyer after the war and become Chairperson triple lawyer [1].

Footnote

  1. 384 pages of ^ a b c "modern deceased encyclopedia 1991-1993."
  2. ^ "a new revision modern politician person's name encyclopedia is 4,000 politicians of the center, the district" 337 pages
  3. ^ "a new revision modern politician person's name encyclopedia is 4,000 politicians of the center, the district" 336-337 pages
  4. A ^ assembly newspaper publisher "support member of the Diet signature model," it is page 237 for 1,943 years. NDLJP: 1439721 
  5. ^ "part 469 pages of the history of parliamentary system 100 years - communion in the Diet House of Representatives"
  6. ^ "part 497 pages of the history of parliamentary system 100 years - communion in the Diet House of Representatives"
  7. ^ "part 507 pages of the history of parliamentary system 100 years - communion in the Diet House of Representatives"
  8. The applicable matter of the ^ purge from public service "a recommendation member of the Diet." (in Prime Minister agency secretariat Internal Auditing Section "person of memorandum pertinence list Hibiya politics and economics society about the purge from public service", 1949, it is transcribed NDLJP:1276156 with "Minoru Tamura" in ibidem page 645)
  9. A ^ "Asahi Shimbun" June 21, 1951 one side "first exile cancellation announcement" "clause of the Representative people recommendation invested in personal examination"

References

  • House of Representatives, House of Councilors "history of parliamentary system 100 years - member of the House of Representatives directory" Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau, 1990.
  • House of Representatives, House of Councilors "part Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau of the history of parliamentary system 100 years - communion in the Diet House of Representatives", 1990.
  • "Modern deceased encyclopedia 1991-1993" Nichigai Associates, 1994.

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Tamura grows

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2016년 5월 31일 화요일

Sheikh Hasina

Sheikh Hasina

Sheikh Hasina (2000)

Shaikh Hashina Wazed (Bengali :শেখহাসিনাওয়াজেদ, English: on Sheikh Hasina Wazed, September 28, 1947 -) is the Bangladeshi politician, prime minister. One of two Bangladeshi major parties, the party leader of the Awami League. I am from Dhaka Division Gopalganj District トゥンギパラ in southwestern country. The religion to believe in is Islam Sunni. Notation of Sheikh Hasina was common now in the Japanese media, but they might be transcribed into シェイフ ハシナ, and descriptions to do with Hashina Wazed were ever seen well.

When father was assassinated in a coup d'etat in the eldest daughters of the ムジブル back side man who achieved independence from Pakistan of Bangladesh, and was assumed Pater Patriae in 1975, I was in the U.K. and survived it. I sent exile life afterward in India, but I achieved returning home in 1981 and became the party leader of the Awami League. When Hussein Mohammad Ershad (English version) grasps the government in a coup d'etat in 1983, and it is the President, I lead Awami League and develop the opposition movement for this government and, therefore, will be confined over and over again afterwards.

After a military regime of President Ershad fell down, I was defeated by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party which led rival, カレダ dia in the election of 1991, but I won for parliamentary election in 1996 to follow and took office as the prime minister. However, I was defeated by the nationalism party of カレダ dia by the parliamentary election of 2001 again and resigned from my post. The next election planned in 2007 was postponed by declaration of a state of emergency, and it was the exceptional situation that ハシナ caught the investigation for the blackmail charge, but the election was carried out in December, 2008 after all, and the political party alliance "large alliance" which concentrated the Ershad groups centering on Awami League overwhelmed it, and ハシナ took office as the prime minister again in January, 2009. I visited Japan in May, 2014 and testified, "father referred to the Japanese Japanese flag." about a Bangladeshi national flag [1].

Footnote

Allied item

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2018년 2월 14일 수요일

Tenchik

Tenchik

Tsutsumi(Tsukinin) is one of the decorative techniques in.

In "" of Masashi 's Masashi "(Hironori Boso) has posted a theory that it originated, but it has already been introduced to the crafts written in the beginning, and is transmitted from the Ryukyus in the earlier stages It was spread to the extent of. It is known that similar technologies exist in even more.

Mix things that were suitable for use after thoroughly burning, hit with a hammer, stretch it thinly and make lump called sankimitsuki for each color. Apply this to the back side, paste it on the temporary board, fix it, attach it a pattern, add concavities and convexities, paste it, and then peel off it from the temporary board and paste it on the container according to the pattern. Depending on the nature of Buddhism rice cake, it is also possible to punch out the same pattern in large quantities with a mold, to be used in combination, or to give a three-dimensional sculpture. When entering the Taisho period, it was a method of dividing surrounding rice cake into upper and lower portions, and a blur expression was developed. In recent years collaboration with you can also be seen.

footnote

1. *"Ryukyu lacquerware of Shimgane and Sumizuki technique: Zhu Luo feng style wind botanical sengokudan eastbound tray and black lacquer mountain hydromassage junko journal collection", reference 2. *Study on simplification of decorative decoration for politicians politicians 2 reference

Related item

  • *

References

  • Nakazato Hisako "" Nihonkai Nihon University Dictionary 4 "" Heibonsha, 1993. .
  • Satori Suehi "Japanese History Great Dictionary 2" Shogakkan, 2000. .
  • Kyoko Awakuni's "Ryukyu Lacquerware by Shinkin and Sumikin Technique: Zhu Luohuo Wind Mutanumi Shinkan Higashiichi Train Station and Black Urchi Mountain Hydrology Bank Junko Bunko Collection" Okinawa Prefectural Art University, 2007. Bulletin of Okinawa Prefectural Arts University 15, VI
  • Masayuki Narrows "Study on Simplification of Tuscany Decoration 2" Okinawa Prefecture Craft Promotion Center.

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2018년 2월 12일 월요일

Akinori Mineyama

Akinori Mineyama

Akinori Mineyama(Akinori Mineyama, -) is the former, former (4th period) of. Professor of Faculty of Liberal Arts.

history

Graduate He graduated from Kinki University School of Law. Enter the secretary general of the Kansai headquarters etc. Because he is a candidate for Komeito's official recognition for the first election. After serving as the third consecutive term, it turned from. He was appointed as Chairman of the House of Councilors Legal Affairs Committee, the Upper House Diet Committee Chairman, the National People's Campaign Headquarters, and the Osaka Prefectural Headquarters. Retained for the fourth consecutive term served. He retired as a professor at Kinki University.

footnote

1. ****"New Correction Contemporary Politician's Person Encyclopedia: Central and Regional Politicians 4000" 516 pages.

References

  • "Parliamentary system 100-year history aristocratic senior · House of Councilors Directory" Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau, 1990.
  • "New Correction Contemporary Politician 's Personals Encyclopedia: 4,000 Central and Regional Politicians", 2005.

Honorary position - - Projection: |Youngest member of the House of Councilors July 1968 - July 1971 | Next generation:

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2017년 1월 4일 수요일

KDD case

KDD case

KDD case (KDD じけん) is the corruption case that came to light in October, 1979 of Japan.

Process of the case

  • 1979
    • It is disclosed by a nothing report, underreport by the Tokyo Customs House Narita customs branch that two Kokusai Denshin Denwa (KDD.existing KDDI) employees bring in high-quality brand-name products illegally from the foreign countries in - Narita Airport on October 2.
    • I take the responsibility for - Manabu Itano KDD's president, the case on October 25 and resign.
    • I search 23 places including the KDD head office by - Metropolitan Police Department, Customs Act alleged violation on December 4 (until ... 5th).
    • I search - Metropolitan Police Department, the Former President Itano's house on December 5.
  • 1980
    • - Kiyokuni Yamaguchi KDD head office management investigation room business analysis manager in charge (secretary for ex-President) hangs itself at home on January 24.
    • An Assistant to President advisor in front of - Shigetada Yasuda KDD throws the body to the limited express from Odakyu Line Mukogaokayuen Station up home on February 6 and commits suicide.
    • I arrest - Metropolitan Police Department, General Manager ex-President at Yoichi Sato KDD for professional embezzlement and Customs Act alleged violation on February 24 (I rearrest you for the bribery charge later).
    • I prosecute - Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office, Sato on March 15.
    • An arrest, the doubt expand two people of - Kiyotake Matsui Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications telecommunications surveillant officer, the Suguru Hidaka fruit ministry Postal Bureau international business section manager for the bribery charge to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on March 18.
    • I arrest - Metropolitan Police Department, ex-President at Itano KDD for the professional embezzlement charge on April 5 and confiscate high-quality artworks.
    • I prosecute - Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office, Matsui, Hidaka on April 8.
    • I prosecute - Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office, Itano on April 26.
    • April 30 - investigation is finished with not touching the politics.
    • I report a summary of 120 million yen that was passed from KDD to the politics than a meeting of - House of Representatives Committee on Communications, two sections of National Police Agency Criminal Affairs Bureau investigation length on May 7. However, I do not announce the name of 190 politicians whom I received at all.
  • 1985
    • And it is judgment for money collected in addition for the amount of bribery for (stay of execution four years), Matsui, Hidaka both causes postal administration bureaucrat for (stay of execution three years), General Manager Former President Sato for - Tokyo District Court, Former President Itano (stay of execution three years) for penal servitude one year for penal servitude three years for penal servitude one year six months on April 26. It is settled without appealing other than Itano.
  • 1994
    • I dismiss - Supreme Court, a final appeal of Former President Itano in October, and (stay of execution two years) is settled for penal servitude ten months.

Influence of the case

  • It was the use of the expense that what was clarified in a process of the investigation about special company KDD which monopolized international communication, and raised a large amount of profit ate mixing of public and private matters, a company of President Itano who was former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications high-ranking official and got, and the anger of the public opinion was terrible in those days.
  • In addition, for 190 politicians that 120 million yen did the association entertainment expense of KDD which was a big sum of 5,800 million yen led by a postal administration group only with revelation, it was sprinkled a rose as the party ticket purchase and a political donation in the past 3 years, and the excessive receptions such as private overseas travel costs became clear for the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications executive and others. However, the work situation to the government and bureaucracy was not investigated till the last and did not charge the politician.
  • The prestige of Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira greatly decreased Las Vegas gambling case, Tekken Construction public corporation disorder accounting case of the Representative Koichi Hamada by the disgraceful affair that occurred successively in those days. A nonconfidence motion in the Cabinet that the Socialist Party submitted it to on May 16, 1980 was approved by the absence of the LDP anti-mainstream faction and became the incident dissolution, and both houses of Representatives and Councilors same-day election brought about a performed situation first in the history of constitutional government.

Allied item

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2018년 2월 26일 월요일

Kiyoshi Ejijima

Kiyoshi Ejijima

| Hana is required for this* . Please cooperate in providing. Materials of controversy based on citations or incomplete information on living persons, especially those that are potentially or harmful *It is necessary to remove immediately. (December 2015) — | —

Kiyoshi Ejijima(Kiyoshi Ehji, -) is of. Affiliation (second term),.

of

Kiyoshi Ejijima

Ehji Kimiji

  • -

Birth date | (1957-04-02) (60 years old) School of origin Previous position | Incumbent | Affiliation party | (→) (→) (Independent →) () Spouse | Yes Relative | Father · (former) Official website |

Districts | Number of times of winning | 2 times Term of office | \ - incumbent

First generation

Number of times of winning | 1 time Tenure period | \ -

32 th, 33 th, 34 th old old ·

Number of times of winning | 3 times Tenure period | \ -

(), (4th term) and so on.

Member of the House of Councilors, who served as my father. Grandfather Teshio Enoshima served as Shimonoseki city council member [__].

table of contents

Career

|This clause is either inadequate or insufficient. Please cooperate in improving the reliability of the article. (December 2015) — | —

birth. After graduating, graduated from the master 's course [__].

After going through engineers, lecturers and part-time lecturers, I ran officially for the mayor of Shimonoseki in Shimonoseki, but they both declined. , Run again in Mayor of Shimonoseki, broke the incumbent mayor and was elected first (Kameda moved to Shimonoseki city council in 2003). In addition to his predecessor Mayor of Shimonoseki, in addition to Hiroshi Kameda (former House of Representatives member, election elected in former Yamaguchi 1-ku in the 40th House of Representatives' Parliamentary Election where Esashima was defeated), Esashima was re-elected. , 3 mayor of Shimonoseki Mayor.

, I am running for Shimonoseki mayor's election for accompanying. Although he resigned as a lawmaker and took a run-for-break, he broke Nakao with 2515 votes and got four choices.

During the mayoral period, affiliated companies received orders for large public utilities in the city. He alleged that allegations of public rigging bid rise emerged and became a trial.

In February, Shimonoseki City Council declared the intention of five non-runners and retired in the same year. After the mayor's retirement he served as a visiting professor.

In December, announced the intention to run for official recognition. A vote was given to the victim, who broke the former who ran independent and ran for the first election. The number of votes was 287,604 votes (vote rate 63.4%).

In October, he took office.

In July, I ran and decided to re-election. In August of that year, he became the first LDP LDP LDP chairperson. In August, he became president of the LDP fisheries department. In January the chairperson of the House of Councilors was elected.

policy

  • It should be revised. I agree with the revision of . I agree with the creation of .
  • I do not think the problem of the general affairs minister, which mentioned the possibility of ordering the radio wave stop to broadcasting stations that repeated broadcasting lacking political equity, is a problem.
  • To raise the rate to 10% in April next year, the law should be revised and postponed or canceled.
  • I think that the benefits of the Abe administration's economic policy "" extend to rural and small and medium enterprises. I agree with *.
  • Required for Japan.
  • US forces should be relocated to Henoko.
  • Nuclear weapons should be examined by international situation.
  • For the selective system, it is stated as "rather opposite" to the selective questionnaire survey.

Scandal

*, The first branch of the Yomaguchi prefecture constituency electoral district Legislative party of the Liberal Democratic Party Liberal Democratic Party that Ehjima is representative, has received a total of 1 million yen in 2013 from the Seiwa Policy Study Group (Liberal Democratic Party Hosoda), but it is listed in the income and expenditure report He insisted not to. The Esashima office has corrected the income and expenditure report in April 2016.

Affiliated Organization / Parliamentarians Association

  • (Political field advisor)

paper

*

footnote

[] - -

1. *"New Correction Contemporary Politician's Person Encyclopedia: Central and Regional Politicians 4000" 85 2. Kanmon communication March 28, 2005 3. *", Weekly Friday, April 26, 2013. 4. Yomiuri Shimbun December 28, 2012 5. Yamaguchi Prefecture Election Administration Committee Secretariat, browsed on April 29, 2013. 6. *Yomiuri Shimbun April 28, 2013 7. 8. *Nihon Keizai Shimbun August 22, 2017 9. Nihon Keizai Shimbun January 22, 2018 10. ^ 2016 Upper House election Mainichi Shimbun candidate questionnaire 11. *, (viewed on June 23, 2016) 12. ,, May 9, 2016 13. ***

References

  • "New Correction Contemporary Politician 's Personals Encyclopedia: 4,000 Central and Regional Politicians", 2005.

External link

*

Public office - - Projection: , * | , In collaboration with 2015 - 2016 | Next Generation: ,, Projection: |** 1995 - 2009 | Next generation:

Parliament Projection: |**** 2018 - | Next Generation: Incumbent

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2016년 4월 28일 목요일

National Convention

National Convention

National Convention
Convention nationale
French first coKazumasa
A crest or logo
"National Convention" Francois = Leon シカール product, Pantheon (Paris), 1913
Kind
Kind
The history
The establishment September 20, 1792
The abolition November 2, 1795
Forerunner Legislative assembly
Succession Elder statesman society (the Upper House)
500 society (the Lower House)
The fixed number 749
Assembly hall
テュイルリー palace (Paris)

Because National Convention (worth, French to ask for not to read to release: Convention nationale) grasped executive power through committees at the legislature of the French unicameral system that existed from September 20, 1792 of the French Revolution period to October 26, 1795 [1], it is central organization of the revolution politics that I carried the role of the executive branch on at the same time.

Because Imperial rule was knocked down by a case on August 10 when Paris citizen attacked テュイルリー palace in 1792, the legislative assembly emitted laws and ordinances and stopped sovereignty of Louis XVI. The new assembly where birth was announced previously was decided on the name "National Convention" at prior suggestion of Robespierre, and the election was carried out by the one and only and boy universal suffrage [2] that it was during the French Revolution, too.

National Convention declared a republic on September 21 of the second day in a session and shifted to the first coKazumasa, and the Imperial rule was abolished. Louis XVI was hung in the king court and was executed. When a revolution calendar was founded one year later, I looked back, and September 22, 1792 was set with New Year's Day in the Kyowa first year. I was summoned for the purpose of the correction of the previous constitution at first, but need to maintain the system of the law in the critical situation called the civil wars such as French Revolution war and the revolt of Vendee super appeared and was actualized as the root of the power of the revolution autocracy to embody in sovereignty which resides in the people.

National Convention is done after Girondist exile of June 2, 1793 and a coup d'etat of Fervidor of July 27, 1794 for three minutes. Next is time of the mountains group autocracy at time of the rivalry of Girondist and the mountains group a beginning, and the last is the time when a group [3] performed reaction politics for Fervidor. I said terminal National Conventions after the coup d'etat, and the executive branch was succeeded each in the bicameral system assembly [4] where the legislature was born newly in Directoire on the dissolution same day. Furthermore, 455 people of the former National Convention member of the Diet were authorized as a person of king regicide and were ousted when it became the back, the Restoration of Imperial Rule.

Election

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On August 11, 1792, the legislative assembly promulgated the election rule of National Convention. I set a limit to the conventional election that divided the nation into an active citizen and a passive citizen [5] and was abolished, and the age was reduced, too [6]. The door was opened to the naturalization foreigner whom an old constitution prohibited, and the having no property citizen was able to have a right to vote equally, but an employee and the servant that it was thought with a second class citizen at the time of only in men as for the right were excluded as before [7]. There is the exception unlike the present age in this way, but is recognized when generally it was election performed in a principle of the universal suffrage for the first time in France.

It was time of the legislative assembly and an about the same indirect election about the method of the election. In other words, it is two phases of election methods that at first a general qualified voter picks an elector at the first meeting and that electors gather at an elector meeting next and elect a member of the Diet. But there were many voices that a lot of objection expected the direct election by the first meeting from for this method same as before. Therefore supplement to have to get the approval of the first meeting was added to the choice of the elector in the election meeting by a claim of Robespierre.

The election of Paris is victor of the August 10 caseParis commune(the self-government city assembly) led it. The own city city assembly took prohibition of sale action against all the newspapers of Royalist line on August 12 and induced you to show the thing named the United Empire Loyalist supporter list on August 17, and not to vote for them and interfered with their election campaign openly. On the other hand, the newspaper of Kyowa group origin was distributed free. I reflected the political situation, and Kyowa exercise was prosperous nationwide, and the factional strife in the Jacobin was stopped during the election period, and there was patriotic solidarity during a short period.

As for the first meeting, it was decided that the elector meeting was started on September 2 by laws and ordinances from August 26. The vote was held in a nomination roll call not paper.

However, election in itself was not good enough though it became the universal suffrage with much effort. The day laborer who was the poor did not go to the polling place in disfavor with losing the daily wages, and it was rare that the worker of the middle class including the craftsman voted except some exceptional electoral districts. They were interested in more imminent commune election, but this is because it was too unconcerned about national election. United Empire Loyalist and a フイヤン group, former noble are exposed to suspicion; to a target of being arrested was afraid, and declined a vote. The qualified voter of registered approximately 7 million was double at the time of the legislative assembly election in number, but it is thought that, of these, it was only 700,000 of the 10% degree that voted [8]; [9]. Eventually, it was the same as before, and the bourgeoisie and the class of landowners partitioned off an elector meeting and almost occupied many everywhere. Both United Empire Loyalist and extreme left molecules were flicked out by their hand. A thing chosen at a worker hierarchy by a member of the Diet is only two people.

I suppress the Girondist which the result of the election takes a conciliatory attitude by a case on August 10, and lost the support of the people, and mountains group makes rapid progress, and, as for remaining, a moderation-like member of the Diet who is not which will occupy the majority of the new assembly [10].

Election almost called the member of the mountains group examination at the first meeting called the victory above-mentioned in it having followed, as for the story, it was to scrap paper. Originally this was measures to block election in large quantities of the Girondist. However, the district commune of Paris where the sudden change of this manner had many direct democracy supporters protested it in anger. It was a journalist to have pacified this and was Hebert of the aide commune representative. After a front-line activist becoming National Convention member of the Diet, and having been transferred, an activist of two lines grade like him penetrated among the people and gained power [11].

  • The right to vote

In the workers who live in France more than one year, and live for one's income, I admit that the French of all which is not the social position of an employee and the servant 21 years or older vote at the first meeting in the same way as an active citizen. (Article 2)

  • Eligibility for election

With the right to vote mentioned above and the qualification to become an elector and a member of the Diet admits to the French of all 25 years or older. (Article 3)

Constitution

New assembly constitution at the time of the September, 1792 election. The color expressed mountains group, a plain group, Girondist, but there was not what's called political party in those days, and the creed and the faction of the member of the Diet were not necessarily clear. Therefore the number of the concrete power of the classification by the dogmatism of the scholar of coming ages is various by the source, and the figure of top is only an example. But it is common recognition between scholars that the middle group such as the plain group was the most

Member of the Diet

A vote was held in the whole country, and the election was finished in approximately approximately two weeks.

The fixed number of the member of the Diet added 33 people who put members of the Diet who were merged with a colony and cause France of the new prefecture system, and were dispatched from part and the area where it was together to 749 people of the French mainland, and the total number was 782. But the participation from the overseas colony was few, and most were not enough for a start in a session. 321 Representative filling a vacancy was chosen at the same time, but because there was considerably an example [12] which the same person won in plural electoral districts, and the decliner appeared in a considerable number, it was raising, and Representative filling a vacancy was supplemented, and, as a result, as for the Representative filling a vacancy, it was 298.

Including sacrifice and the exile of a thing, death from an illness and death from penalty, exile, the imprisonment, the reign of terror that the member of the Diet resigned during a session could not accomplish duties, and there was the case which took place of with Representative filling a vacancy more, but there was the case which substitution was not put up adversely, and the number of of the member of the Diet gradually decreased for some reason. There was the person who achieved return after a coup d'etat of Fervidor in the representative from Girondist ousted from, but there was not the election newly, and the supplement of the vacancy was not performed including Representative filling a vacancy while National Convention existed.

I was chosen as dispatch members of the Diet, and I left Paris for a long term, and there were around 100 members of the Diet sent out for duties to a district and the military, and there was much than the fixed number less number of the members of the Diet who really attended at a formal meeting. Besides, it is difficult to identify how many people there were in the number of the members of the Diet of National Convention of one day present because it did not call the roll at the time of the decision either. The maximum attendance to know as historical materials is 721 in the first electoral round (January 15, 1793) of the trial of Louis XVI, and the minimum was only 186 (July 25, 1793), but it is said that an average attendance was around 250-260 less than the half [8]. The influence to the people meant a lot than the logic of the number of decision by majority by the formal meeting. So it addressed you in Jaco van club before an influential member of the Diet expected it from a plenary session, and it was seen well to acquire the support of the people beforehand.

A person from various rank participated in National Convention, but the former work that accounted for many most was the law person concerned including a lawyer and the notary public. Most of the well-known politicians who became a leader of the French Revolution had the degree of the law. There were unexpectedly few business magnate and landowners in much one in a local government official, judicial officers next, and the worker (craftsman) was only two people like the said article. Because a person who experienced member of the Diet was 270 people, and the Representative former legislative assembly was 181 [8], and, as a result, 89 Representative house previous constitution establishment National Assembly lost, or they declined 75% of members of the Diet of the former assembly, in most, it was in the renovated assembly called the first-term lawmaker.

Assembly hall

King trial (January, 1793) that was carried out in an indoor equestrianism practice field
Assassination case (May, 1795) during the proceedings in the テュイルリー Theater

The first assembly of National Convention was held in the large hall of the テュイルリー palace. Since then I came back to the indoor equestrianism practice field [13] same as an assembly hall of the legislative assembly. It was in the detached room of the garden and was located here to go with the Jaco van club, and to go. A seat of the assembly hall was a low stepped bench of the placement that met both sides, and there was a tradition called the left (the opposition party side) a right wing (the government side) and the left hand the right hand for a long time. This assembly hall where it was often expressed と such as "the cave" had bad sound, and the member of the Diet of the eloquent speaker that I met, and the voice went of the volume of voice won popularity.

An assembly hall was moved to the テュイルリー Theater which could accommodate a great number of people [14] from May 10, 1793. The seat of this assembly hall met it by placement only for one side, and a platform and a chair, a clerk seat were established. A seat was a hemicycle bench of the theater-style, and a seat was considerably established in high bears step-like. Therefore, a faction would be divided into a seat by the pitch, and the middle faction which sat at the downward seat called it with a plain group [15], and the faction which sat down on a, on the other hand, upward seat was called mountains group [16]. However, it was in condition to be scattered separately at will, and to sit down because a bench had the partition in neither assembly hall, and the seat of the member of the Diet was not fixed.

議場内の二階は傍聴席になっており、傍聴する民衆や請願者が陣取って討議に割って入ったり、喝采したり、怒号を浴びせたりして議事進行に影響を与えた。議場での武装は禁止されていたが、治安に問題があり、実際に議事の後で不満を持った傍聴人に殺害された議員が数名いる。民衆の感情を損ねるような発言をすることは議員にとって命がけで、公会は大衆世論に流されやすい環境にあった。

運営

国民公会の議事規則によると、事務局は1名の議長と、6名の書記からなり、議長は2週間(革命暦で20日)ごとに指名点呼によって改選され、2週間の間隔を置けば再選も許された。議長が欠席した場合は、最も新しい前議長が代行した。書記の任期は4週間(革命暦で40日)で、2週間ごとに半分ずつ改選された。最初の国民公会議長には圧倒的多数でペティヨン[17]が選ばれ、書記6名全員[18]がジロンド派から選ばれた。

本会議は、原則1回で、まず前日の議事録の朗読から始まり、次に細々とした取り決めごとの裁可、そして午後になってようやく法案の審議が始まるのが通常だった。規則では午前9時から開会すると決められていたが、現実には10時以後の遅くに始まることがほとんどで、午後4〜5時まで続いた。夕方の開会も少なからずあり、議事延引により深夜に至ることも頻繁だった。夜の会議が開かれて夜8時や9時から翌朝夜明けまで続けられたり、特別な場合には無期限の会議開会が宣言され、間断なく数日に及ぶ開催となることすらあった。

議場が混乱して平静に戻らないときには、議長が着帽するという面白いルールがあった。議長が着帽すると、議員はただちに着席して沈黙しなければならないという決まり事であった。動議は4名以上の支持があれば審議に掛けられ、憲法または法令に関する動議は最低でも2回(2日以上)の審議を必要とした。逆に言えば、立法に関係しない動議であれば即日採択できたので、逮捕命令等、クーデターのときなどに利用された。議決は、起立投票によって決めることがほとんどであったが、わずかではあるが重要な採決では指名点呼[19]が行われた。

権力

革命政府

立法議会は自らの役目を終える前に、王権停止の諸法令(1792年8月10日)で「祖国を救うあらゆる手段を行使するもっとも神聖な義務は立法府にあること」[20]を宣言した。これは首長たるルイ16世が持っていた執行権を停止した後は、新議会である国民公会がその代わりとなって、人民主権の名のもとに権力を独占、言い換えれば独裁する旨を前もって暗に明らかにしたものであった。それは戦時下という非常事態を前提にしたものであったが、この例外的ともいえる権力構造の継続を約3年に渡って許したことは、国民公会の大きな特徴であった。

モンテスキュー権力分立論からすれば、これは権力の混在にほかならなかったが、この行政と立法の混濁こそが革命政府の定義である。フランス革命では高等法院と過去に争った反省から、1791年憲法においてすでに司法権は1ランク低いものと見なされ、三権は同等に扱われていなかった。王政打倒の直後は、臨時行政会議[21]を開いて6名の大臣[22]主導で行政府を構成したが、国王存在の不在を補うことができなかった。オルレアン公爵ブラウンシュヴァイク公爵ヨーク公爵を新国王として迎える案も取りざたされたが、選挙の段階でどれも国民の強い反対にあった[23]1792年9月21日、国民公会の初会議で、国民公会議長をフランス大統領にしようというマニュエル[24]の提案は退けられ、アメリカのような大統領制にはしないことを議決しただけではなく、王制を思い起こさせるようなものは一切廃止するという極端な取り決めを拍手喝采で採択した。クートンは独裁、三頭政治護国卿政治プロテクトラ[25]のような寡頭制をも拒否するように提案し、これにはダントン[26]が異議を唱えたが、採択された。次にコロー・デルボワがいよいよ王制廃止を提案し、これに賛同するグレゴワール司教[27]は「王朝とは、人民の血をむさぼりのんだ暴食人種以外の何者でもなかったのだ」[28]と王制への憎悪を述べ、慎重論を退けて、「宮廷は犯罪の工場であり、腐敗の中心であり、暴君の洞穴である。諸王の歴史とは、国民の犠牲者名簿である」[28]と意気込んで、熱狂のうちに満場一致で採択された。国民公会はついに共和制を宣言し、国王存在に代わる地位を設けることなく、公会自身でそれを担うことになった。

『国民公会でのロベスピエールの打倒』マックス・アダモ[29]作(1870年)

こうして「政治の動力の唯一の中心」[30]と定義された国民公会は、共和国の内外の脅威を取り除くという名目で急速にその権力を伸張させた。実際、状況は切迫しており、強権的かつ専断的に諸事を断行する必要にも迫られていた。1793年6月24日、新しく1793年憲法を制定したが、その施行を無期限に延期した。公会内部に諸委員会が設けられ、大臣はその下で決定に従うという組織に改組された。事実上、立法府が議員を通して行政権をも行使するようになって中央機関としての公安委員会が形作られていくことになった。派遣議員制度ではこの権力の浸透は地方行政と軍隊にまで及んだが、このような権限の強化と集中は恐怖政治の運営には不可欠のもので、中央集権制を押し進めて王政時代および立法議会の地方分権とは決別した。

国民公会は建前としては独裁を否定していたが、革命政府は立憲主義を放棄して無制限の権限を持っていたのであるから、事実上の議会独裁であり、委員会の台頭後は、委員会独裁であった。そして10月10日にはついにサン=ジュストによる革命政府宣言に至るわけである。公安委員会を頂点とする権力構造は12月4日フリメール14日法フランス語版によって完成された。臨時行政会議は1794年4月1日のジェルミナル12日の法令で廃止されるまで存続したが、省間調整の場に過ぎず、公安委員会の監督下に置かれた。

国民公会は、1年目に急進勢力(山岳派とコルドリエ派)が実権を握ったが、勢力の衰えたジロンド派も全く影響力を失ったわけではなく、巻き返しに躍起になった。しかし激しい抗争も、1793年6月2日、エベール派[31]に扇動された民衆蜂起によってジロンド派議員の追放という形で幕を閉じた。以後は山岳派独裁(ジャコバン派独裁)となり、革命裁判所を強化し、国民総動員法反革命容疑者法フランス語版一般最高価格法フランス語版を成立させた。国民公会は最盛期を迎えるが、独裁政治は内部崩壊して、テルミドールのクーデターによって瓦解した。しかしこれで国民公会が終わったわけではない。

国民公会はそれまでの間に有力議員のほとんどをギロチン送りにするか追放処分としていたので、テルミドール反動期の末期国民公会はわずかな生き残りと二流の議員で構成された。この公会は、恐怖政治を過去のものにしようと統治機構をジロンド派追放前に戻そうとしたが、同時に国家経済を破綻させ、アッシニア紙幣は紙くずとなり、パンの価格を高騰させた。怒れる民衆を抑えるために、パンと1793年憲法の施行を求めるサン・キュロットを二度に渡って徹底的に弾圧し、白色テロを展開した。反動の急先鋒となったフレロンタリアンはジャコバン・クラブから除名されるが、逆にミュスカダン[32]を率いて暴力でジャコバン・クラブを占拠し、11月12日には閉鎖してしまった。公会が三分の二法フランス語版によって旧国民公会議員の3分の2がそのまま無選挙で次の議会でも議員資格が得られるようにした時、反発した民衆は王党派と協力してヴァンデミエールのクーデターを起こしたが、やはり鎮圧された。しかし右派(王党派)の台頭によって左派への弾圧も終わった。結局、極端な反動主義者たちも失脚し、追放された。新しい総裁政府は穏健共和派によって組織された。

一方、革命政府となった国民公会への反省から、新憲法(1795年憲法)では立法と行政を完全に分割するように構想された。しかし行政府である総裁政府の立法への関与をあまりに完全に排除したことで、逆に立法と行政の対立を招いたことから、調停者としての軍隊が台頭することになる。

体制

臨時行政会議

臨時行政会議は、立法議会が1792年8月15日の法令で国民公会の成立に先立って最初に設置した行政府である。しかし国王存在に代わって、議会が大臣を任命しており、当初から立法府に従属する行政府という立場であった。このようにフランス革命では権力分立の原則は否定ないし無視されていた。臨時行政会議は、当時立法議員でなかった者から6名が選ばれて大臣とされた。構成は、司法、海軍、外務、内務、陸軍(戦争)、財務で、従来のフランスでは首相という地位は存在しなかった。しかし最初に選ばれた6名のうちの1人に有力政治家のダントンがいたため、実際的には彼が首相のように半年ほど振る舞った。

臨時行政会議、つまり大臣の権限は、公安委員会が整備され、権力を増すほどに弱まった。当時のフランスでは、大臣制度はアンシャン・レジームのものであるという印象が強かったため、大臣に大きな権限を与えることを忌避し、また実際の大臣の役割を果たしていた公安委員を大臣と呼ぶことも拒んだ。臨時行政会議は、独自に(調査権限を持つ)委員を各地に派遣する権限がある組織の一つであったが、その委員は派遣議員の監視対象の一つでもあった。結果として、臨時行政会議も大臣も、国民公会に変わって公安委員会への報告義務を持つなど、行政官僚のような立場になっていった。1794年4月1日のジェルミナル12日法によって臨時行政会議は廃止され、十二行政委員会へと移行した。

諸常任委員会

国民公会が立法だけではなく、直接行政に関与できたのは、主として常任委員会を通じてであった。憲法制定議会、立法議会と同じく、国民公会も召集直後から立法及び行政上の目的で議会内に常任の委員会を必要とした。1792年9月28日から1793年5月4日にかけて次々と設立され、法令によってその権限を拡大し、国家を運営した。

委員会は設立順に、24名からなる戦争委員会(陸軍委員会)[33]、9名からなる憲法委員会[34]、18名からなる議場委員会[35]、24名からなる農業委員会[36]、24名からなる地方行政委員会[37]、16名からなる商業委員会[38]、9名からなる法令委員会[39]、20名からなる海軍および植民地委員会[40]、30名からなる保安委員会[41]、42名からなる財政委員会[42]、24名からなる土地委員会[43]、9名からなる外交委員会[44]、24名からなる文部委員会[45]、24名からなる救貧委員会[46]、48名からなる民法・刑法委員会[47]、24名からなる清算および監査委員会[48]、24名からなる請願委員会[49]、主要委員会から3名ずつ派遣されて計21名からなる国防委員会[50]とそれが刷新された公安委員会、12名からなる土木委員会[51]、7名からなる輜重委員会[52]、7名からなる軍服委員会[53]、8名からなる食糧糧秣委員会[54]、13名からなる財産委員会[55]、さらに議事録委員会[56]、古文書委員会[57]、そして各委員会1名ずつから構成される議事運営委員会[58]があった。

これらは以後も廃止されたり統合されたりして増減した。また非常任の臨時委員会もしばしば開かれた。すべての委員会では上部組織への出向を除き、委員の兼任を基本的に禁止していた。

これらの諸常任委員会で最も重要な委員会は公安委員会と保安委員会であった。両委員会は革命の両輪として活動し、公安委員会が行政を、保安委員会が司法(警察)を監視した。公安委員会が他の常設委員会よりも優越的な地位であることが決まったのは1793年9月13日の公会の議決であった。これによって公安委員会以外のすべての委員会は改選を命じられ、委員候補者のリストを公安委員会に提出しなければならなかった。諸常任委員会の委員は、公安委員会が承認したリストの中から、公会が指名することになった。すべての委員会は公会への報告義務があり、公会は公安委員会と保安委員会とに毎月末に報告する義務があった。

派遣議員

派遣議員は、1792年の3月から5月の間に制度化され、国民公会の権力代行者として地方や軍隊に派遣されて、無制限の絶大な権限を振るった。彼らの第一の任務は、県行政を国民公会の決定に従わせることと、軍の将軍たちを監視することで、そして30万人募兵令や総動員法の成立後は、物資調達や後方支援など全般が加わった。国民公会の名のもとに恐怖政治を実行したのは彼らであった。派遣議員は当初は国民公会に従属していたが、公安委員会の台頭後は、同委員会の統制を受けるようになった。

一方で、国民公会は、派遣議員の数が増える度に出席する議員の数が減り、議会としての活動は次第に形骸化していった。ジロンド派がまだ議席を持っていた内には激しい論議もあったが、彼らが追放されて山岳派独裁が成立すると重要な法案もほとんどは諸常任委員会のメンバーだけで別室で討論が行われ、国民公会に提出された時には完成した法案となっていることが多くなった。国民公会は、議員達が数日程度の説明を受けて議決する、承認機関のようになり、特定の方針に異議がある場合は、議決動議がある前に、公会ではなく、ジャコバン・クラブや新聞で世論に訴えることが必要で、すでに流れができて、提出されてしまった法案を覆すのは、例えロベスピエールのような政治家であっても困難であった。国民公会ではほぼ毎日、数十の法案を可決していたので、すべてを把握することすら困難で、派遣議員で出席者が減ると、左派議員が議場に居ない間に、右派の議案がこっそり通されたというようなことすらあった。

司法制度

国民公会には3つの司法機関があった。つまり軍事裁判所、民事裁判所、革命裁判所である。前者二つ、軍事裁判所と民事裁判所の治安判事と訴追官(検事)は、臨時行政会議によって(つまり具体的には司法大臣によって)選任され、公安委員会の承認によって決まったが、これらの地位と他の公職との兼任は禁止されていた。政治犯を扱う、革命裁判所の判事と訴追官(検事)、および補佐または代理は、国民公会によって選任されて、投票数の四分の一以上の多数得票で、承認されることが法令で決まっていた。

一方で、捜査機関はさらに多数存在した。これは恐怖政治で国中で反革命容疑者とその陰謀を暴こうと躍起になっていたからで、警察権(捜査権・逮捕権)は、従来の司法省の管轄の警察と、陸軍省(戦争省)管轄の憲兵だけではなく、保安委員会、コミューンの監視革命委員会(革命委員会)、派遣議員、革命軍、さらには1794年4月16日からは公安委員会の治安局も保持していた。これらの機関は互いに既得権益を主張して対立した。

脚注

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 共和暦IV年霧月4日
  2. ^ ただし間接選挙である
  3. ^ 一般的には恐怖政治家テロリスト の転向者の極右化したグループ(タリアンやフレロンなど)で、反動政策を進めたという捉え方だが、歴史家の中にはテルミドール反動をジロンド派の復活による報復であったと定義するものもいる。(前川説)
  4. ^ 元老会五百人会
  5. ^ 納税額を基準にした財産制限で、ロベスピエールが憲法制定議会の審議時点から反対してきたもの。マール・ダルジャン制度(Le marc d'argent)という
  6. ^ 1791年憲法での投票権は25歳以上
  7. ^ 買収されやすいという理由である
  8. ^ a b c 猪木正道 & 前川貞次郎 1957, p.144
  9. ^ セデイヨ & 山崎耕一 1991, p.77
  10. ^ 議席数の一例としては、山岳派(200):ジロンド派(160):平原派(389)。ただしこの数字は正確なものではない。特に「ジロンド派」は後世の歴史家の後付けの名称・グループであるため、判定が困難で、オラールはジロンド派を165、ショーミエは136、パトリックは176とする。約1年後、ジロンド派が追放がされたときに名指しされた議員の数は140であった
  11. ^ 井上 1972, pp.140-146
  12. ^ ジロンド派のジャン=ルイ・カラが5つの選挙区から選ばれて最多であった。複数の選挙区で当選した議員は、どこか1つを選んで、残りは補欠議員の繰り上げとなった。 (fr:Jean-Louis Carra
  13. ^ 「調馬の間」とも言う。 (fr:Salle du Manège
  14. ^ 「機械仕掛けの間」とも言う。テュイルリー宮殿の北側、公安委員会のあったフロール館の反対側にあった。 (fr:Salle des Machines
  15. ^ 蔑称として沼派という呼び方もある
  16. ^ 高みに座っているというに由来。
  17. ^  (fr:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
  18. ^ コンドルセ、ラボー=サン・テティエンヌ、ブリッソー、ヴェルニヨー、カミュ、他一名
  19. ^  (fr:Appel nominal
  20. ^ 河野健二 1989, p.294
  21. ^  (fr:Conseil exécutif
  22. ^ フランスの大臣は議員以外から選ばれる伝統があった
  23. ^ マチエ, 市原 & ねづ 1989, 中 pp.63 - 64
  24. ^  (fr:Pierre Louis Manuel
  25. ^  (fr:Protectorat
  26. ^ ダントンは共和制は一時的なもので、最終的には立憲君主制に戻す腹案があったと考えられている
  27. ^  (fr:Henri Grégoire
  28. ^ a b マチエ, 市原 & ねづ 1989, 中 p.129
  29. ^  (de:Max Adamo
  30. ^ 猪木正道 & 前川貞次郎 1957, p.192
  31. ^ 「エベール派」も後世の歴史家の後付けであるため、明確な党派があるわけではないが、コルドリエ派の一部。議会外勢力
  32. ^  (fr:Muscadin
  33. ^ 後に26名に増員され、内戦と対外戦争を分離。(Comité militaire ou de la guerre
  34. ^ Comité de Constitution
  35. ^  (fr:Comité des commissaires inspecteurs de la salle, du secrétariat et de l'imprimerie
  36. ^ Comité d'agriculture
  37. ^  (fr:Comité de division
  38. ^ Comité de commerce
  39. ^  (fr:Comité des décrets
  40. ^  (fr:Comité de la marine et des colonies
  41. ^  (fr:Comité de sûreté générale
  42. ^  (fr:Comité des finances
  43. ^  (fr:Comité des domaines
  44. ^ Comité diplomatique
  45. ^  (fr:Comité d'instruction publique
  46. ^ Comité de secours publics
  47. ^  (fr:Comité de législation
  48. ^ 後に監査委員会(15名)は分離。 (fr:Comité de liquidation et examen de comptes
  49. ^  (fr:Comité de pétitions et de correspondance
  50. ^ 公安委員会の前身。 (fr:Comité de défense générale
  51. ^ Comité des ponts et chaussées
  52. ^ Comité des charrois de l'armée
  53. ^ Comité de l'habillement des troupes
  54. ^ Comité de surveillance des vivres et subsistances militaires
  55. ^ Comité d'aliénation
  56. ^ Comité procés-verbaux
  57. ^ Comité des archives
  58. ^ Commission centrale

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