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2017년 3월 28일 화요일

ヤアーリバ morning

ヤアーリバ morning

ヤアーリバ dynasty (Yaruba/Ya'Aruba/Ya'arubi dynasty) was the dynasty which ruled Oman from 1624 through 1720, and I was governed by the monarch who held the title of the Imam.

The ヤアーリバ dynasty expelled the Portuguese power which occupied the fort of the coast of Muscat and founded a unified nation. Expansion of improvement and the trade advanced, and, in Oman under the rule of the ヤアーリバ morning, a farming technique built a main marine national position. The Omani armed forces drive out Portugal from the coast of East Africa from Mozambique and to the north and retain the colonization city installed in each place of the スワヒリ Coast of Zanzibar, Mombasa by Oman for a long term. The ヤアーリバ dynasty collapsed by 内訌 around the position of the Imam who began in 1720 [1].

Table of contents

History

Background

Oman is unsuitable for farming, and it parts from an inland with a little population traditionally in the populous coastal place. The small government occasionally appeared in the inland, but the strong political power to give rule to the whole inland did not appear, and the state that tribes to live in competed for each other continued. A remote Ibadite is greatly believed in with the teaching of Sunni, the Shiah between the tribes of the inland. The coastal place particularly the northeast coastal area around Muscat had Mesopotamia and Persia and a connection for a long time. [2]

The tribes of the inland entered the early days of the Islam era under the instruction of the Imam (religious leader of Islam) who had secular power and an inner space. The ninth century began, and Yahmad which was the branch family of the アズド group added to power [3], and a system to elect an Imam was established in バヌー summer to have the greatest power among ニザール groups of the inland by them by an Ulama (intellectual of the Islam world) of thes [4]. The authority of the Imam is lost before long by struggle for power, and a monarch of the ナブハーニ dynasty established in 1154 grasps real power, and the Imam changes into symbolic existence. The title of the Imam came to be treated as a tribal possession of the rule layer and had the authority in the inner space just a little. [4]

Muscat is occupied in 1507 by Portugal. Portugal gradually escalated rule along an Omani shoreline and ruled over the area where north ソハール reached southeastern Sur [5]. For 1,560 years, I reach extinction in ナブハーニ morning [6].

Early rule

 
ナハル which was used as a fort of the ヤアーリバ morning

I am from Yemen, and the ancestor of the person of ヤアルビー belongs to a ガフィリ group and arrives at the ヤアラブ bottle caftan which is a person of about B.C. 800 when I follow a genealogy [6]. ナースィル イブン ムルシド which was the founder of the dynasty was picked in 1624 by an Imam [4]. ナースィル transfers the capital in ニズワ which the Imam of the past Ibadite set of the capital and I raise an aim called the exclusion of the power in Portugal and achieve unification of the tribe power [7]. ナースィル organized the armed forces and occupied Omani main city and ルスターク (English version), the fort such as ナハル (English version) [8]. I expel the Portuguese military from ジュルファー (current ラアス Al = ハイマ) in 1633 [9] and recapture ソハール in 1643 [10]. A trade agreement was concluded with Oman between British East India Company in 1646, and ナースィル required Arab marine trade liberalization for Portugal which possessed Muscat [11].

After ナースィル イブン ムルシド, the sultanship イブン wallet which was his cousin inherited post of Imam. An aim to expel power made in Portugal from Oman in the times of the sultanship was accomplished and succeeded in Sur, クライヤト, control of Muscat occupied by Portugal. [8]Portugal lost all the rule ground of the coast of Oman by occupation of Muscat of 1650, and the sultanship went into the Indian Ocean based in Muscat [12]. Oman matured into the strong marine nation [7], and most of the Portugal territory which existed in the East Africa were put under the control of Oman by sultanship and his successor [13]. The Omani military performed an attack to Zanzibar that Portugal possessed in 1652, but Muscat was exposed to the attacks of the Portuguese fleet in the same year [11]. The Omani fleet struck Bombay that was a base in India of Portugal in 1655 [11], and the Portugal soldier of Mombasa was driven to Fort Jesus by an attack of Mombasa of the Oman forces of 1660 [10]. The battle of the Omani military in the coast of East Africa and the Portuguese military continues for several years [10].

After sultanship イブン wallet died, the handbill love イブン sultanship which is his son succeeds to the position of the Imam. The post of Imam was elected among the Ibadites traditionally by consultation, but the hereditary system of the Imam is established by sultanship because post of Imam was succeeded to by handbill love. After most of the reign of the sultanship were spent by rivalry with the wallet イブン sultanship of brothers, and a handbill lab sank with jab phosphorus in 1692, a wallet took the position of the Imam.

Heyday

 
Fort Jesus of the Mombasa Island

The wallet which succeeded to the throne fixed a fort of ルスターク for a castle and added a tower to a castle [14]. Policies for improvement of the agricultural productions which the wallet carried out include construction of F Radhi to supply water to many places of the inland, the planting of the date palm in the bar Tina district, recommendation of the emigration to the Arab coastal area of the inland [15]. Large-scale F Radhi was built to supply water to ハムラ (English version), and it was along wadi バニ アウフ, and assistance was given for an emigrant and agriculture activity carried out [16]. In addition, a new school is founded in the reign of the wallet by Oman [17].

The Omani military struck Mombasa again in 1696 and surrounded Fort Jesus whom 2,500 people stayed. The Portuguese guard that the siege of Fort Jesus decreased to 13 by for 33 months and starvation and smallpox surrendered to the Oman forces, and Oman built the position that was dominant in a coastal area of the East Africa. [10]As part of expansion of the power of Oman, large-scale emigration to Omani Zanzibar which begins it in the times of the ヤアーリバ morning, and was carried out is included [18]. I attacked it, and, in the Omani military, the Omani came to be known to the base in western India of Portugal before long as pirates in Europe [19]. In the Persian Gulf area, Oman took the Bahraini island that was under the control of Persia and maintained this during several years [20].

The wallet dies on October 4, 1711. The corpse was buried in the luxurious grave of the ルスターク castle, but the grave was destroyed later by Wahhabi. [21]The wallet at the time of the death has vast wealth, and it is said that I owned 28 ships, slave of 700 men, a one-third of the date palm in the Sultanate of Oman [15]. The sultanship イブン wallet second of the son who succeeded the wallet transfers the capital in city ハズム on the highway of the coastal area from ルスターク. Current ハズム becomes the village, but a large-scale fort and a grave of the sultanship second built in about 1710 by the sultanship second leave a figure. [22]

Civil war, invasion of the Iranian military

After the sultanship second died in 1718, rivalry over the post of Imam breaks out [7]. The country split into the faction in support of faction and the ムハンナ イブン sultanship which supported the wallet イブン sultanship second of the early childhood, and both factions insisted on supporting the person who had the qualification appropriate for the Imam more. ムハンナ entered a fortress secretly in ルスターク in 1719 and declared the assumption of office of the post of Imam. However, ムハンナ is not provided by support; in 1720, the following day by shop Arab イブン handbill love of the cousin abolished; is ranked and is killed. ヤアラブ supported the wallet second to an Imam, and oneself named a guardian it. [23]ヤアラブ declared the assumption of office to an Imam in 1722, but caused a revolt of handbill love イブン ナースィル related by marriage [24]. A result shop Arab of the revolt abolished; was ranked, and handbill love became a guardian of the wallet second [23].

Muhammad イブン ナースィル holds power in a civil war, and Muhammad is picked in October, 1724 by an Imam [25]. ハルフ イブン ムバーラク against Muhammad causes confusion between northern tribes, and the both sides of Muhammad and ハルフ die by the battle that happened in ソハール in 1728. The guard of ソハール approved the wallet second as an Imam, and the wallet second returned it in ニズワ. [26]However, a part of the ザーヒラ countryside did not accept the enthronement of the wallet second and supported the handbill love イブン him yard that was his cousin to an Imam. After the beginning of the game, the handbill love was glaring at the wallet second and avoided war for several years. The handbill love to influence most of the inlands gradually established predominance, and the power which supported the wallet second was limited to the few tribes which bound a ベニ young bird group and an alliance together, but held the navy and Muscat, バルカ (English version), a main harbor city such as ソハール. [27]

 
Fort of ソハール

The wallet second that power declined demanded help from Iranian founder ナーディル Shah in アフシャール morning [28], and the Iranian armed forces arrived at Oman in March, 1737 [29]. After having joined the Iranian military, the wallet second marches in the ザーヒラ district and overthrows it with the armed forces of the handbill love. [30]The Iranian military which marched on in an inland occupied the town on the course and abducted a massacre, plunder, the slave [30], and the war trophies which I acquired were sent for Iran [31]. The wallet second established the viewpoint of the ruler for several years, but caused the repulsion of tribes because I lived a prodigal life. The human being of the person of ヤアルビー opposed to the wallet second in February, 1742 picked sultanship イブン ムルシド to an Imam. [32]The sultanship which entered a fortress in ナハル attacks the wallet second; the wallet second in exchange for a transfer of ソハール again in Iran for the help [33].

In about October, 1742, the Iranian visitor arrives at ジュルファー [34]. The Iranian military surrounded ソハール, and I marched, but Muscat was able to occupy neither city [35]. The wallet second is deceived in 1743 by the Iranian military, and the last fort of Muscat is occupied. When the wallet second and companions who participated in the banquet that the Iranian military held drink wine and were helplessly drunk on the occasion of the fall of Muscat, the commander of the Iran forces steals a seal of the wallet second and forges this, and the anecdote that I gave the commander of the fort of Muscat an order to start to abandon a fort is informed it. [36]The wallet second died from the fall of Muscat soon, and the Iranian military which occupied Muscat struck ソハール again. [36]The sultanship which stayed in ソハール in the middle of 1743 suffered a fatal injury, and handbill love was picked by a substituted Imam [37]. After having endured the siege for nine months, I do honorable surrender, and, in ソハール, as for Ahmad イブン Saeed of 守将, the rule of ソハール and バルカ is accepted in exchange for 貢納 by negotiations. The escape of the soldier happened before long in the Iranian military はの inside, and numbers gradually decreased by the number of soldiers. Ahmad invited an Iranian guard to remain in in 1747 and held a banquet in a fort of バルカ and slaughtered them at the place of the banquet. [36]

The political influences of Ahmad gradually increased, and Ahmad picked by a new Imam founded boo Saeed dynasty [38]. Ahmad held real power; some cities of the inland still supported ヤアーリバ morning and the leader of the staying in the locale at first, and only Zanzibar approved Ahmad as an Imam in the coastal area of the East Africa. [18]When handbill love died in 1749, Ahmad becomes the only ruler who does not have a person to rank with in Oman [7]. The ヤアルビー family maintained independence just a little until Fort ハヤム of the bar Tina district who was the last stronghold of the person of ヤアルビー was occupied in 1869 by the アッザーン second. [6]

Economic

The duty, the collection of the transit duty from a ship did a nation and relations of the trade more closely [39]. Daily necessities, a medicine, weapons such as food, clothes, a pan and tableware such as the rice were imported from the ports such as the Indian subcontinent, and a horse and dates (fruit of the date palm) were exported from Oman [39]. The broadcast trade to link India, coast of East Africa, coast of Red Sea, the Persian Gulf bank was carried out, and clothes, a carpet, a medicine, ivory, the product such as the slave were treated [40]. Because I competed with Portugal, and the transit trade carried out in Oman under the ヤアーリバ dynasty rule strengthened the control to a ship of the Arabia sea near the shore in ヤアーリバ morning, it collided with Portugal [11]. In addition, Oman interfered with the marine trade by a Yemeni and the person from Persia and got the marine transportation in Persian Gulf bank, the Indian Ocean coast, the Red Sea coast, initiative of the marine trade [41].

The Imam who was a national monarch played a main role in the marine trade, and the fleet which an Imam owned was used for control of the marine traffic, ocean trade.

Each generation monarch

  1. ナースィル イブン ムルシド (the reign: for from 1624 to 1649)
  2. Sultanship イブン wallet (the reign: for from 1649 to 1688)
  3. Handbill love イブン sultanship (the reign: for from 1688 to 1692)
  4. Wallet イブン sultanship (the reign: for from 1692 to 1711)
  5. The sultanship イブン wallet second (the reign: for from 1711 to 1718)
  6. The wallet イブン sultanship second (the first reign, reign: for from 1718 to 1719)
  7. ムハンナ イブン sultanship (the reign: for from 1719 to 1720)
  8. The wallet イブン sultanship second (the second reign, reign: for from 1720 to 1722)
  9. ヤアラブ イブン handbill love (the reign: for from 1722 to 1723)
  10. The wallet イブン sultanship second (the third reign, reign: for from 1723 to 1724)
  11. Muhammad イブン ナースィル (the reign: for from 1724 to 1728)
  12. The wallet イブン sultanship second (the fourth reign, reign: for from 1728 to 1742)
  13. Handbill love イブン him yard (the first reign, reign: for from 1728 to 1737)
  14. Sultanship イブン ムルシド (the reign: for from 1742 to 1743)
  15. Handbill love イブン him yard (the second reign, reign: for from 1743 to 1749)

Footnote

  1. ^ Fukuda 2002, p. 1013.
  2. ^ Thomas 2011, p. 217.
  3. ^ Rabi 2011, p. 23.
  4. ^ a b c Rabi 2011, p. 24.
  5. ^ Thomas 2011, p. 221.
  6. ^ a b c Miles 1919, p. 437.
  7. ^ a b c d Rabi 2011, p. 25.
  8. ^ a b Agius 2012, p. 70.
  9. ^ Davies 1997, p. 59.
  10. ^ a b c d Beck 2004.
  11. ^ a b c d Fukuda 2000, p. 125.
  12. ^ Fukuda 2000, p. 124.
  13. ^ Davies 1997, p. 51.
  14. ^ Ochs 1999, p. 258.
  15. ^ a b Thomas 2011, p. 222.
  16. ^ Siebert 2005, p. 175.
  17. ^ Plekhanov 2004, p. 49.
  18. ^ a b Limbert 2010, p. 153.
  19. ^ Davies 1997, p. 51-52.
  20. ^ Davies 1997, p. 52.
  21. ^ Miles 1919, p. 225.
  22. ^ JPM Guides 2000, p. 85.
  23. ^ a b Oman From the Dawn of Islam.
  24. ^ Miles 1919, p. 240.
  25. ^ Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xxxv.
  26. ^ Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xxxvi.
  27. ^ Miles 1919, p. 251.
  28. ^ Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xxxvii.
  29. ^ Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xxxviii.
  30. ^ a b Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xxxix.
  31. ^ Miles 1919, p. 253.
  32. ^ Miles 1919, p. 255.
  33. ^ Ibn-Razîk 2010, p. xli.
  34. ^ Miles 1919, p. 256.
  35. ^ Miles 1919, p. 257.
  36. ^ a b c Thomas 2011, p. 223.
  37. ^ Miles 1919, p. 262.
  38. ^ Fukuda 2000, pp. 135-136.
  39. ^ a b Fukuda 2000, p. 126.
  40. ^ Fukuda 2000, pp. 126-127.
  41. ^ Fukuda 2000, p. 127.

References

  • Sadashi Fukuda collects "Islam, the ring Indian Ocean world" between "the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea" (Iwanami lecture world history 14, Iwanami Shoten, March, 2000)
  • Sadashi Fukuda "ヤアーリバ dynasty" "Iwanami Islam dictionary" collecting (Iwanami Shoten, February, 2002)

Origin of translation article references

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2017년 1월 19일 목요일

Black hawk war

Black hawk war

Vagueness evasion In this item, I explain Indian war of 1832. Please see "[[Illinois (album)]]" about the song of スフィアン Stevens of 2005 in "" [[black hawk war (from 1865 to 1872) (English version)]] about the Indian war from 1865 through 1872.
Black hawk war
Black Hawk War
Black Hawk.jpg
マカタイメシェキアキアク (black hawk (English version)) chief
Time 1832May 14 - August 2
Place Illinois and Michigan associate state
Result Victory of U.S. forces
The power that collided
U.S. forces
An alliance Indian: Ho chunk group, Menomini, Potawatomi
 The "British band" Sauk of the black hawk, a Fox group and kickapoo
Commander
Henry Atkinson
Henry dodging
Adam W Schneider
イザイア steal man
Samuel white side, etc.



 I am not
Force
2,000 militiamen
1,500 regular soldiers
Is it a volunteer?
300+ alliance Indian


 500 soldiers
1,000 tribeswomen
Toll
Death in battle: At least 60 (including the noncombatant) 450 people - 600 people

The United States of America takes their territory away from the Indian tribe in northwestern United States of America in 1832 and is colony and the North America colony war that I woke up to do it, and black hawk war (going British :Black Hawk War which a black hawk does not do) is Indian war (ethnic cleansing).

Table of contents

Summary

The Sauk who was robbed of territory by the United States revolted against this. Their resistance war arose sympathy from Sauk in accord with the same circumstances, a Fox group and the kickapoo and caused a fight in each place. Because a black hawk (English version) chief stood as a brunt of questions of tribal negotiations of oneself, I am called "black hawk war".

The U.S. forces concerned with oppression of the Indian resistance power were militiamen of the Illinois and Michigan associate state (today's Wisconsin). The name was on with the war, but it was the ethnic cleansing for the Indian who a lot of battles between two and a half months were repetition of the skirmishes, and was finally a convention of the Indian war.

Background

Both Britain and France sent most of native Indians out of the independence past of the United States to the west of the Mississippi. Fox family was the Indian tribe where a territory was driven to by military power with Sauk, too.

After Fox War (English version), the Sauk thrown out of Five Lakes and around Detroit and Fox group moved out of necessity west, and Illinois river made a village again to the north of the Missouri, and, in the north, the south did this with a territory from the Wisconsin. Central village "ソークヌク" of the Sauk has been already made at the mid-18th century. The black hawk chief was born there in 1767 and spent most of the lives [1].

 
Territory (yellow part) which Indiana associate state "bought" from an Indian in "St. Louis treaty" of 1804

In the United States of America, the settlement along the eastern coast was important, and, after independence, there was the settlement to the Five Lakes west only slowly. A treaty negotiated with chiefs of the soak & Fox group in St. Louis to increase the territories, and, in 1804, governor William Harrison of the Indiana associate state obtained east land of the Mississippi by transfer on a 2,234.50 dollar a year considerable "present" and a condition to do a 1,000 dollars considerable "present" every year [2]. This St. Louis treaty with the soak & Fox group was included in the article which promoted a friendly relationship and harmony, and the guarantee of trade and the protection was declared, too [2]. I decided to be allowed to stay there until surveying of the land was over to an Indian, and here was sold to the United States of America Government formally [2].

However, it is doubtful whether they understood this in expectations street on the white side because there was not the culture "to perform selling buying of land" to an Indian. In other words, this is "to have come that a white gives a present and concludes peace" according to an Indian and because "I gave a present, according to a white, leave forever" and is.

Then 20 years passed peacefully. It was 1828, and the United States began to survey this ground, and Indian agent Thomas Forsyth had the dispute that "black hawk war" and a white called in what I required to Indians saying "I want you to move out forever from this ground". The Indian was surprised at this demand of the sudden surprise and flew into a rage [2]. It was a debate about the land, and the ultimate factor of the dispute was caused by St. Louis treaty of 1804.

Both misunderstanding

However, the cause of the very beginning dispute was to have misunderstood it when a white was "a leader" in black hawk chiefs. Whites thought that the Sauk would follow the Fox group to be able to fall silent if they concluded a black hawk and a treaty. However, the whole tribe is not restricted at all by the policy even if the society of the Indian is a representative system basically, and the black hawk undertook the part of negotiations with the white as an arbitrator of the consultation that is a chief (chief), and a bridgebuilder performed 交渉事 with a white. For an Indian, it is because it is only a black hawk and a personal decision of white to the last.

As a matter of course, this demand of white disputed it in a black hawk and a tribe. It intended to get the consent of all tribes by the white mistaking a black hawk for "a great leader", and having tied up a treaty to him, and there is me, and this is because there was not any consultation in a tribal general meeting as described above. In addition, a person on behalf of a tribe did not have authority to sell land to [1]. There is not it in というよりも, the Indian society including "a person on behalf of a tribe" from a beginning.

Black hawk and soak & Fox family were allied with British troops, and he did a signature (he only writes x), but, after (U.S. and British war) in conflict with U.S. forces, he protested "a treaty in May, 1816" that reconfirmed in "a 1804 treaty" as for the black hawk in it later saying "I did not know it". Because the black hawk was not "a representative" with "a thing entrusted with tribal full power" which was a chief to the last (arbitrator) either, the responsibility that I was going to have white him carry was unreasonable at all. While a black hawk left the front of the U.S. and British war, ケオクク of the Sauk distinguished himself/herself, and the relations of these two people became the antagonism [1].

 
Portrait (George Catlin image) of ケオクク

The settlement white population of Illinois swelled after U.S. and British war at one sweep and went over 50,000 people in 1820 and reached 150,000 in 1830. In 1825, 13 Sauk and six Fox groups signed the new written consent which reconfirmed a treaty in 1804. I understood that whites got tribal official recognition by this "signature" and, in 1828, gave notice of Thomas Forsyth that was a communication window of the United States of America government to evacuate the village from the Mississippi and to the east to Indians [1].

The United States did a big misunderstanding here. Even if 13 Sauk and six Fox groups made a signature (they only write X mark) in written consent, for an Indian, it is only an agreement of the individual interval where tribe and what of them have nothing to do.

On July 15, 1830, United States of America Indian charge director William Clark performed a soak & Fox group and new treaty signing in the Crawford fort of the Wisconsin prairie do scene [3].

This treaty "let the United States of America Government transfer land of the Sauk of 107,000 ㎢". In this treaty, I established "the neutral zone" between the Sioux who was the traditional enemy of Sauk and Fox group and them and prevented the fight between the tribes which would be antagonistic in future from having it.

ケオクク performed a signature (I only write x) in this treaty, and it was approved in November, 1830 by Dakota Sioux. [4]　Of course the agreement signature of ケオクク is unrelated to the agreement of all the tribeswomen. For the Indian who respected culture "to share all" now, I was not able to understand this withdrawal order of white at all.

People concerned with a battle

United States of America

On April 16, 1832, Illinois Governor terminated a volunteer five regiment in the base-up town and gave off declaration to leave for the north to send a school of the black hawks Sauk which did not obey "an order" out of Illinois. As a result, a one-third of the U.S. Army would affect it, but 9,000 Illinois militiamen were the main members of U.S. forces. [5]It became the's first battle of "the black hawk war" that the small battalion of the Illinois militiaman started the chase of the black hawk from the set point of the armed forces in the Locke River of the Dixon on May 9 [6].

After the first battle, some small skirmishes and "slaughter" continued. After these skirmishes, the governor drafted the posse of 4,000 people more. [7]The draft period of the militiaman whom I gathered for a month was over first, and, on May 27 and 28th, it was discharge from military service. [6]The federal government let 1,000 regular soldiers of Winfield General Scot and 300 mounting a horse volunteers join a strategy. [6]When it seemed that the role of commander Atkinson of this strategy was over soon, cholera attacked the U.S. forces. The armed forces of Winfield Scot submitted it to Illinois from the eastern part.

General Scot gathered approximately 1,000 U.S. forces regular soldiers. [8]I went to Chicago on a ship from New York buffalo. There is the record that there was formerly in the armed forces of cholera. [9][8] the expedition was destined to be bad. A disease occurred, and many people died. Disease-causing germs were left at the place where a soldier struck, and the soldier escaped. [9]

Treatment to prevent that infection spread out to the people of the town which a visitor passed was adopted and three citizens only died in the place where the first patient appeared and were kept. [8]However, the cholera infection of the large scale happened in the United States in 1833. It was thought that the root dated back to the Scot expedition. [10]When a visitor went ashore in Chicago, the soldier who could fight did not reach 200 people. [9]Scot felt the need to cancel a strategy toward the battlefield. On the other hand, I waited for reinforcements and supplies and decided to take care of the soldier having a disease. Scot was behind with the arrival to the battlefield, but played an important role in the making of draft of peaceful negotiations. [11]

British band

It was the group which a white called "a British band" that there was a black hawk chief, and they were approximately 500 soldiers and 1,000 old men, women, children when they crossed the Mississippi on April 5. [12][13] Sauk, a Fox group and kickapoo joined this. They went over the Mississippi in junction neighborhood with the Iowa River and performed it successively along a northeast lock river. I passed the ruins of ソークヌク and went to the village which there was of spell teacher ワボキエシエク (white cloud) of the Sauk & Ho chunk group (ウィンネバーゴ group). [13]

Trigger

The village of ソークヌク was included in the land made cession in a treaty, too, but the black hawk chief decided it without accepting sale of the land to remain in this village. [1][2], in spite of ケオクク and the opposite of American authorities, the group of the black hawk returned to ソークヌク after winter hunting of 1830. [1]Because the black hawks returned to ソークヌク again in 1831 after one-year strain was in a state, governor John Reynolds of Illinois declared it with "the invasion of the country" [1]. As for black hawk chiefs, the demand of white was not able to understand it.

In response to a request of the Governor of Reynolds, Edmund pen Dell ton Gaines's general arrived at ソークヌク with the armed forces from St. Louis and required withdrawal to a black hawk immediately. [1]　The black hawk chief who was an arbitrator refused this once, but I avoided bloodshed case and came back to the west of the Mississippi because 1,400 militiamen whom Reynolds summoned on June 25 increased, and a threat was hung. [1]I was made to promise that I remained in the west of the Mississippi without a black hawk and chiefs of the British band being made to sign written consent of the surrender by force on June 30, and coming back to the hometown [1].

 
ワボキエシエク (white cloud) called "a prophet of ウィンネバーゴ"

On April 5, 1832, black hawk and others were opposed to ケオクク, and 1,000 black hawk and others "British bands" returned to Illinois. [1]ワボキエシエク of the Ho chunk group (ウィインネバーゴ group) promised the support of the Ho chunk group for a black hawk, and it was said that I would be concerned with an outbreak of the war, but ワボキエシエク really only protected one's tribe [14]. In addition, it was connected for the return to their hometown that knee Pope chief of the Sauk conveyed the U.K. and other tribes of Illinois to (actually, there was not it) and a black hawk with the preparation for support of black hawk and others. [14]

The Henry Atkinson honor brigadier general was given a duty of the war accomplishment. [15]The authorities of the federal government gave a black hawk and the group an order for withdrawal to the west of the Mississippi with the chief of Sauk and the Fox group, but the black hawks refused and did not leave there. [12]An Indian tribe and British troops of Illinois and Michigan where the black hawk discussed it with a Ho chunk group and Potawatomi soon, and knee Pope said to knew that there was not intention to help black hawks afterwards. [12]

When Illinois militiaman did the decision that a black hawk and a British band returned to Iowa on May 10, I heard it and baked the village of the prophet. A later "steal men orchid" case disturbed returning home, and black hawk war began. .[12]

I it in progress of the war

Fight of the steal men orchid

ブラック・ホーク戦争の最初の衝突は1832年5月14日に起こり、ブラック・ホークのバンドの予想外の勝利に終わった。[16]民兵隊は馬に乗って、その後を何台かの荷車が追っており、骨の折れる行軍の後で現在のスティルマン・バレー近くキシュウォーキー川の北でブラック・ホークのバンドと接触した。民兵がブラック・ホークのバンドの3人の斥候の1人を殺した時、ソーク族の酋長が40名の騎馬戦士とともに黄昏の民兵宿営地を襲った。[16]民兵の数は275名以上いたが、結束は直ぐに壊れて、35マイル (56 km)程離れたディクソンズ・フェリーまで逃亡した。[17]この襲撃の時に、イザイア・スティルマン指揮下の11名の民兵が戦死した。[18]

スティルマン・バレーでの最初の衝突の直ぐ後で、2,000名の「血に飢えた戦士が北部イリノイを席捲して破壊をほしいままにしている」という情報操作された一報が、一帯の白人を恐怖させた。[6] ブラック・ホークは、最初の小競り合いの後、部隊の中にいた非戦闘員の多くをミシガン準州に連れて行った。[6]5月19日、民兵隊はロック川沿いの道を辿り、ブラック・ホークのバンドを捜索した。[6]翌月に北部イリノイと南部ウィスコンシンで幾つかの小さな小競り合いや虐殺が起こり、民兵隊はブラッディ・レイクとワダムズ・グラブの戦いでやっと自信を取り戻した。[19]

バッファロー・グラブの急襲

5月19日、ジェイムズ・M・ストロード大佐の放った6名の特殊任務部隊がガレナに向かう途中で、オグル郡のバッファロー・グラブ開拓地（現在は廃棄）近くでインディアンの1隊に待ち伏せされた。[20]この時の犠牲者は1人だけだった。この兵士はウィリアム・ダーリーといって、彼の倒れた場所にフェリクス・セント・ブレインによって埋葬された。[21][22][23]他に二人が衣服の備品に銃弾を受けたが傷は負わなかった。[20]1910年にイリノイ州ポロのポロ歴史協会がダーリーの記念碑を建てた。この時、ダーリーの遺骸も記念碑の下に移葬された。[24]

インディアン・クリークの虐殺

ブラック・ホーク戦争の中で最も有名で、公にも宣伝された出来事はブラック・ホークとそのブリティッシュ・バンドには直接結びつかない周辺的なものであった。[25]イリノイ州インディアン・クリークの近くの水源をめぐり、白人入植者と争いとなり、ポタワトミ族の若き戦士キーワシーたち戦士団が、クリークの堤にあったウィリアム・デイビスの開拓地を襲った。[26]攻撃の結果は残酷な殺人となり、ほとんど武器を持たない15名の男、女、子供が殺された。デイビスは戦士の1人を殺した後、自分も殺されたという。[26]さらに2人の10代の少女が拐われたが、ほぼ2週間後に受け戻された。[27]この出来事は白人の間に恐慌を引き起こし、多くの入植者が安全を求めて近くの砦に逃げ込んだ。一方イリノイ州の民兵隊はこのことをイリノイやケンタッキー州での新兵募集に利用した。[28][25]今日、虐殺の現場には石碑が立っている。[26]

セント・ブレインの虐殺

セント・ブレインの虐殺は、5月24日に、ケロッグス・グラブの今日のパール・シティ近くで起こった。この虐殺はブラック・ホークのバンドの戦士とは別の、ホーチャンク族の戦士が実行した可能性がある。[23]ホーチャンク族の許可を得ていた可能性は少ない。[23]この虐殺でアメリカ合衆国インディアン管理官フェリクス・セント・ブレインとその仲間3名が殺された。セント・ブレインの体はバラバラにされていたという証言があり、生きたままで切断されたと主張するものもある。[21][29]

この事件は白人たちに、一帯のすべてのインディアンに対する謂れの無い恐怖を呼び起こし、それは白人入植者に友好的だった部族にも向けられた。[23]その一つの例は5月30日に発行された「ニュー・ガレニアン」紙の記事に現れた。この記事は、虐殺の経緯に触れ、セント・ブレインとその仲間の殺人はソーク族やフォックス族のケオククの戦士団に関連付けられていた。[30]

ブルーマウンズ砦

今日のウィスコンシン州デーン郡ブルーマウンズ村の近くにあったブルーマウンズ砦は戦闘や小競り合いが行われた場所ではないが、6月6日から20日にかけて、砦の近くで戦争に関わる出来事があった。[31][32]最初の出来事は1人の鉱山士が殺されたことであり、地域住民はホーチャンク族の戦士がやったのではないかと疑った。このことは、ホーチャンク族の中から他にもブラック・ホークのバンドに加わって、ミシガン準州やイリノイの白人入植者を脅かすのではないかという怖れを増幅させた。[33]2番目の出来事は、目撃者の証言によれば、100名程の戦士による砦への本格的な攻撃であった。[33]この攻撃で砦を守備していた民兵のうち2名が殺された。1名は遺体が見つかった時バラバラにされており、「一部」は見つからなかった。[33][34]

スパッフォード農園の虐殺

スパッフォード農園の虐殺（またはウェインの虐殺）は今日のウィスコンシン州サウスウェインの近くで6月14日に起こった。オムリ・スパッフォードの農園で働いていた7名をインディアンの1隊が襲い、スパッフォードを含め5名が殺された。[35]2人は逃げ延び、そのうちの1人はハミルトン砦に逃げ込む前に1人の襲撃者を殺した。[35]もう一人は数日間森の中に隠れて過ごした。というのも、ほぼ同じ頃に到着した友好的なメノミニー族に砦が奪取されたと思い込んでいたからである。[36]

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦い

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦いは、スパッフォード農園の虐殺から2日後の6月16日、今日のウィスコンシン州ウッドフォードの近くでホースシュー・ベンドと呼ばれるペカトニカ川の流れが変わってできた池の傍で起こった。民兵隊が20名ほどのインディアン戦士団を見つけて追跡し、全滅させた。この戦いはブラック・ホーク戦争でのアメリカ軍の初めての勝利となった。

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い（またはイエロー・クリークの戦い）は6月18日に、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡のイエロー・クリークの近くで起こった。[33][37][38]戦闘は銃剣やナイフを使った流血戦となった。ソーク族の者6名と、ジェイムズ・ステファンソンの部下の民兵3名が戦死した。ステファンソンもマスケット銃の弾を胸に受けて重傷を負った。[39][33][37]この戦闘の結果はスティルマンズ・ランの敗北で恐怖の残っていた地域住民の間で、民兵に対する信頼を取り戻すことに貢献した。戦死した民兵の遺体はケロッグズ・グラブの記念墓地に埋葬された。[38]

アップル川砦の戦い

アップル川砦の戦いは、6月24日に、今日のイリノイ州エリザベスの近く、急ごしらえのアップル川砦で始まった。ブラック・ホークたちおよそ150名から200名のソーク族とフォックス族の戦士が、25名の民兵守備隊が守る砦を襲った。クラック・ストーン大尉が指揮する民兵は、砦の守備隊の多くが外に出ていたので手が足りなかった。双方が激しく銃撃を交わして戦いは少なくとも45分間続いた。砦の中には近郷の開拓者が逃れてきていた。一人の女性、エリザベス・アームストロングが戦闘のあとでその勇敢さを表彰された。アームストロングは砦の中の女性を集めて銃弾を補給し銃への装填も手助けした。砦が以前よりも防御が堅くなっていると判断したブラック・ホークたちは撤退した。

ケロッグズ・グラブの戦い

ブラック・ホーク戦争では、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡ケロッグズ・グラブで2度衝突が起こった。1回目は6月16日に起こり、小さな小競り合い程度のものであった。[40]アダム・W・スナイダーが指揮する部隊が約80名のキカプー族戦士と交戦した。[38]この戦いで3名の民兵が戦死し、キカプー族戦士は6名が戦死した。[38]

2回目はもっと大きなもので、6月25日に起こった。ジョン・デメント少佐の指揮する部隊が、インディアンの大きな戦士団と林の中で戦った。ブラック・ホークの参加したインディアン戦士団は勢いの衰えない攻撃を繰り返し、25頭の馬と5名の民兵が戦死した。ソーク族の戦士は少なくとも9名が死んだ。[38]

ウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦い

7月21日、ヘンリー・ドッジ将軍とジェイムズ・D・ヘンリー将軍の指揮するイリノイとウィスコンシンの民兵隊が今日のウィスコンシン州ソーク・シティ近くでブラック・ホークのブリティッシュ・バンドを捕捉した。[40][41]この衝突がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いとして知られることになった。軍事的にはブラック・ホークたち戦士隊にとって壊滅的な打撃であった。激しい混戦の中で溺れた者も含め、損害は70名以上に上った。[40]比較的高い損失にもかかわらず、インディアン戦士団の大部分、これには女、子供も含まれていたが、ウィスコンシン川を越えて逃げ延びた[40]。しかし、その猶予も束の間であり、民兵隊は最終的にバッドアクス川の河口でインディアン戦士団を捕え、戦争の行方を決定付けることになった。

バッドアクスの戦い

バッドアクスの戦いは、8月1日から2日にかけて、今日のウィスコンシン州ビクトリーの近く、バッドアクス川がミシシッピ川に合流するところで起こった。ヘンリー・アトキンス将軍の指揮するアメリカ軍は蒸気船の戦闘艦まで持ち出して銃と大砲でインディアン戦士団を攻撃した。2日間にわたる戦闘で、最後は戦意を失ったインディアンが逃げ出すところを虐殺するようなことになった。非戦闘員を含め150名以上のインディアンが殺された。アメリカ軍の損失は5名が戦死、19名が負傷であった。ブラック・ホークは捕虜になった。

この戦闘でブラック・ホーク戦争は終結し、ミシシッピ川の東でのインディアンとの戦いも最後となった。

その後

軍事的な結果

1832年のブラック・ホーク戦争では、70名の白人入植者とアメリカ軍白人兵士、および数百人のソーク族戦士が死んだ[15]。戦闘での損失とは別に、ウィンフィールド・スコット将軍の救援部隊では、数百名が死亡または逃亡した[9]。戦争の結果、イリノイ州、アイオワ州、およびウィスコンシン州のインディアンによる攻撃の不安が除去された[42]。

政治的な結果

後にアメリカ合衆国大統領となるエイブラハム・リンカーンはこのブラック・ホーク戦争でレイノルズの民兵隊に従軍したが、実戦には遭遇しなかった。[40]やはり大統領になるザカリー・テイラーはアトキンソン将軍の下で部隊を指揮した。[40]南軍の大統領となったジェファーソン・デイヴィスは戦争中の大半は従軍していなかったが、1832年9月には戻ってきて、降伏したブラック・ホーク、その息子ファーリング・サンダー、ニーポープ、ホワイト・クラウドその他をミズーリ州のジェファーソン兵舎まで移送護衛を務めた。[40]デイビスは1887年に、彼がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いに参軍していたと語ったが、今日では信憑性を疑われている。[43]

ブラック・ホーク戦争は、合衆国内で行われた他の戦争と同様に政治家となったものに箔を付けた。リンカーンやデイビスのような顕著な例の他にも、イリノイ州の知事は4名が従軍していた。トマス・フォード、ジョン・ウッド、ジョセフ・ダンカン、およびトマス・カーリンである。[15]ミシガン州やネブラスカ州でも後の知事を輩出し、少なくとも7人はアメリカ合衆国上院議員となった。[15]1836年、ヘンリー・ドッジはウィスコンシン準州の知事に任命された。[15]

しかし、ヘンリー・アトキンソンは戦後あまりうまくいかず、最後の10年間はセントルイスのジェファーソン兵舎で過ごした。[15]戦争に従軍したもの、部下や上官はアトキンソンの戦争指揮がまずかったと思った。[15]時の大統領アンドリュー・ジャクソンは戦争の責任を負わせる者を、戦争継続中から探していた。戦後の議会報告書はアトキンソンの過失について触れており、密かにアトキンソンを批判する者もいた。ザカリー・テイラーは、戦争の最初の戦闘がイザイア・スティルマンの民兵隊ではなく、アトキンソンの正規兵隊がブラック・ホークと会しておれば、この戦争は1発の銃弾を放つこともなく終わっていただろうと述べた。[15]

調停者であるマカタイメェキアキアク（ブラック・ホーク）は、戦争の責任者にされ、一連の戦争は「ブラック･ホーク戦争」と名付けられた。しかしブラック･ホークがこの戦争を「率いていた」わけではない。インディアンにとってはこれはソーク族の戦争であり、フォックス族の戦争であり、キカプー族、その他、この地から領土を奪われたくなかったインディアン部族それぞれの戦争なのである。ソーク&フォックス族はこの戦争の後、ミシシッピ以東の彼らの領土を永久に失った。

脚注

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, James. "Background," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  2. ^ a b c d e Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1804, Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Washington: 合衆国政府印刷局, 1904. 1804年11月3日 7 Stat., 84. Ratified 1805年1月25日, proclaimed 1805年2月21日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  3. ^ Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., 1830, 1830年7月15日, 7 Stat., 328, Proclamation: 1831年2月24日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日
  4. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas, The Indian Frontier: 1763-1846 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), pp. 176-7, (ISBN 0826319661).
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  9. ^ a b c d "July 8, Fort Gratiot, Mich.: Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  10. ^ Olson, Greg. "Plague on the Prairie" Illinois Heritage, February 2002. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  11. ^ Nielsen, Lynn. "Theme 2: American Indians in Iowa," (PDF), University of Northern Iowa, Explorations in Iowa History Project, 2003. Compiled from: Sage, Leland L. A History of Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa: 1974, (ISBN: 0813807166).
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  13. ^ a b Lewis, James. "Introduction," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
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  17. ^ "Battle of Sycamore Creek, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
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  20. ^ a b Kett, H.F. and Co. The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, (Google Books), H.F. Kett & Co., Chicago: 1887, p. 284.
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  24. ^ "William Durley Monument," Illinois Digital Archives, Illinois Secretary of State/State Librarian, to access (PDF) click access this item. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
  25. ^ a b "May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  26. ^ a b c McIntyre, Mac. "The Indian Creek Massacre," 2000, DeKalb County History, DeKalb County Online. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  27. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2B. Retrieved 2007年8月6日
  28. ^ Matile, Roger. "U.S Army, cholera mark end of Black Hawk War," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), 2007年6月14日. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
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  31. ^ Adams, Barry. "Rounding up its rich past," Wisconsin State Journal, Capital Newspapers. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
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  34. ^ Smith, William Rudolph. The History of Wisconsin, (Google Books), 1854, B. Brown, p. 213. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  35. ^ a b History of LaFayette County, Wisconsin, (Google Books), Consul Willshire Butterfield, Western Historical Co: 1881, p. 599. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  36. ^ Wakefield, John Allen; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed. History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two; Reprinted as: Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 4, Section 70. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  37. ^ a b Carter, Greg. "Captain Stephenson's Fight," May 2004, Old Lead Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
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  39. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
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  41. ^ Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed. A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via The State of Wisconsin Collection, University of Wisconsin.
  42. ^ "The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources," 2000, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2007年8月8日.
  43. ^ "April 20: Jefferson Davis in the Black Hawk War," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Interview originally published: Aldrich, Charles. "Jefferson Davis and Black Hawk." The Midland Monthly, Vol 5, No. 5 May 1896, pp. 408-409. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.

関連項目

参考文献

  ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ブラック・ホーク戦争に関連するメディアがあります。
  • Harmet, A. Richard. "Apple River Fort Site, (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1997年3月31日,HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  • 『Readings in Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy』Felix S. Cohen、1952年）
  • 『American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World』（David E. Stannard 、Oxford University Press、1993年）
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