It is said that I have high reliability required by a large-scale server average to use for a nucleus system system of the company. HP Serviceguard) is evaluated, and, in communication in particular, a system of the finance / securities system, the name operates even Japan without remodeling the existing package in conformity with the TCP/IP as much communication, a nucleus system system platform of the finance / securities system user as of 高可用 cluster package MC/ServiceGuard( which I can apply by the generation of the simple shell script. I incorporate a movement monitoring function (TOC timer) of MC/ServiceGuard in a kernel and have reliability, the results by the commercial cluster constitution.
In Japan, famous for what is used for a server of i-mode of NTT DOCOMO [1].
With the CPU of company's PA-RISC and Itanium of Intel origin guarantee the operation. The CPU architecture is different from the PA-RISC system, but, in the Itanium system, offers the compatibility of the binary level by an emulator (Aries binary translator) for EPIC adoption. But the re-compilation of the source code is necessary to get an Itanium system original performance avoiding the influence on performance by the emulation. In addition, object size tends to become big by a change of the CPU architecture.
Input and output data-processing capacity and the high availability at the high level are required to treat large-capacity also a large quantity of data by the large-scale system. The disk domain that can secure a system is managed by a logic volume manager (LVM, VxVM) and copes with substitute processing at the time of the flexible management and obstacle outbreak of the data area. On the other hand, I am optimized by journal file system (VxFS) to be able to perform input and output and the update handling of large-capacity data efficiently. In addition, I become able to perform restoration of the file structure at the time of the obstacle outbreak immediately. VxVM and VxFS adopted a commercial package of VERITAS company which ever existed.
The early version supported Apollo/Domain system. Even HP 9000 series 200, 300, 400 systems based on a processor of the Motorola 68000 series and HP 9000 series 500 system based on the FOCUS architecture of the HP were used.
It supports processor and the IA-64 processor of the PA-RISC range now in 2009. The version is HP-UX 11i v3 (B.11.31). It is placed the functional enhancement version of 11.0 for Internet as 11i. In 11i v1 (B.11.11), I standardize the function that I strengthened when I suggest i-mode gateway system (CIRCUS) of NTT DOCOMO and change thread movement to N:M thread on the top.
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PS/55 (ぴーえすごーごー, personal system /55, Personal System/55) is the series of the personal computer of the Japanese specifications that IBM JAPAN released from 1987.
It is a succeeding product of multi-station 5550 of Japanese original specifications, but is PC/AT compatibles in a wide sense because PS/55 was equipped with a Japanese indication function to a base in PS/2. An MCA model for business was the center, but the AT bus (ISA) model for individuals appeared mainly in the latter half, too.
IBM PS/55 model 5550-T startup sound
Table of contents
Name
As for the official name, "personal system /55" (Personal System/55), the abbreviated designation are "PS/55".
"The PS" inherited "55" than "multi-station 5550" of conventional Japanese specifications by naming (ES/9000 of the mainframe, AS/400 of the midrange, RS/6000 of the UNIX, PS/2 of the personal system) of IBM at the time like PS/2.
Summary
IBM released IBM PC family (ancestor IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT) worldwide, but because Japanese indication was necessary, these did not release it in Japan and released "the multi-station 5550 series" of Japanese original specifications instead.
PS/55 came up as succession of 5550 series, but it was PS/2, and the bass was equipped with Japan's original display adapter or keyboard.
I classify it roughly into PS/55 (wide sense), and there are the following product systems and can distinguish it by a model name (because 5551-S09 is S e.g. PS/2 system).
PS/2 system (PS/55 of the narrow sense is not a compatible machine of former 5550 after model S)
The old 5550 school changed a name of a product of the architecture of multi-station 5550 to "personal system /55" (PS/55) and did 併売. Therefore, the architecture is totally different from the PS/2 system, and most of the software (the OS, applications software) compatibility does not have the hardware (expansion card, display, printer), too. The details of our model refer to multi-station 5550
The PS/2 system is a PS/2-based Japanese specification; of PS/2 and hardware and software is compatible. 5571-S of the standard lamp model announced in May, 1987 was spent sequentially than a high-ranking model first and rearranged an old 5550 system progressively. It was only an MCA model for business at first, but, besides, the AT bus (ISA) models came up the PS/55z series for individuals in the latter half, too.
In addition, because needs was to the PC of English letter specifications, "IBM PC convertible" released "personal system /2" (PS/2) in April, 1987 in "5160 personal computers" (PC/XT) and "5170 personal computers" (PC/AT), July, 1986 in November, 1985 when IBM JAPAN released old 5550 and developed a wide product in conjunction with the PC of Japan specifications [3].
I explain the model (after model S) of the PS/2 system in the following.
Characteristic
The following characteristics were given for a Japanese market.
Display adapter
Display adapter II
The text screen supports Japanese indication at a hardware level using kanji ROM by 1066x725 dot (24 dot font, 41 columns of 25) eight colors indication from old 5550 sequentially. The graphic screen is 16 colors of 1024x768 dots. This is resolution same as later XGA, but there is not the compatibility. The hardware which took these functions was gathered as "display adapter" (I say the display unit adapter) by an MCA card, and it was equipped by default by a system device.
"Display adapter II" which improved this point was carried first by model 5550-S because the display adapter of released model 5570-S was incompatible with VGA of PS/2. As for this, VGA on the motherboard becomes effective at the time of the power supply injection, and I get, and the video signal is output by a display adapter. I invalidate VGA with the Japanese mode and am replaced by a display adapter using same VGA in English mode of J-DOS and later DOS/V. In addition, I supported 1024x768 dot 256 of 262,144 colors indication newly.
XGA-2 indication adapter /A
XGA like PS/2, the XGA-2 deployment model appeared late in the series, too.
JIS sequence keyboard
5576-002 type keyboard
The JIS keyboard which assumed the following a representative was prepared by separate sale and was able to put it together with the main body freely.
Sequence same as a type 1 keyboard of 5576-001-5550. Scan cord set 1 of the PC/XT equivalency is nonimplement.
101 extended keyboard of last part of 5576-002 - PC/AT and PS/2 is Japanized by a basis. The kanji key is Shift+ left Alt.
The space-saving keyboard which omitted a numeric keypad from 5576-003 - 5576-002.
I commonized operability with 101 extended keyboard to a base in 5576-A01- 5576-002 more. The kanji key is Alt+ half size / full size. I was announced as OADG standard keyboard [4].
I make efforts in a model mounted with an MCA bus and it
A model mounted with the AT bus which succeeded PC/AT at the time of the first announcement was performed a lineup of in PS/2, but the lower model succeeded 5550 hardware in PS/55, and, as for the high-ranking model, an MCA bus deployment model was performed a lineup only of for a while. I add the AT bus model later.
Japanese-adaptive of the OS
The following OS's were prepared for.
IBM Japanese DOS K3.x (popular name kanji DOS sells the English environment of the PS/2 compatibility as PC DOS of the other product only with Japanese mode.)
IBM DOS J4.0, J5.0 (popular name JDOS includes the English mode.)
IBM DOS J4.0/V, J5.0/V, PC DOS J6.1/V, J6.3/V, J7.0/V (supported popular name DOS/V more from the latter half.)
In addition, the details of PS/2 and the MCA architecture that became the base refer to IBM PS/2
Model
Tower type (forerunner of later IBM PC Server 9x)
5570-S/T/V ([5] that only 5570-S equal to the PS/55 first generation machine does not support DOS and OS/2 of the English version a tower of the first half by default because compatibility with PS/2 was not complete.)
5580-Y/W (tower of the latter half)
Business desktop (later IBM PC 300, forerunner of the IBM PC 700 series)
5560-W/N (higher desktop)
5550-S/T/V/W/N/Y/L/R (main desktop)
5540-T (lower desktop)
Small business, personal business
5530-Z/S/T/U/W (one display version.a forerunner of later PS/V Vision)
5530-Z (I was sold as a product for education markets from Shingaku Sha and was called "PS/55Z 286" "5530-Z 286" when I sang the general thing that I was not sold and was equipped with 80286 and 16 bits MCA, Japanese display adapter and compared it with the.personal computer for education markets of other companies, and "Japanese could display definitely for high-resolution (1024x768)", and 5530-S (popular name "PS/55Z") appeared later.)
5530-S (IBM was called "PS/55Z SX" "5530-ZSX" by failure in a market for Japanese individuals that a market re-entry model for first individuals was equipped with 80386SX and 16 bits MCA, a Japanese display adapter since IBM JX which was over and distinguished it from 5510-Z, and popular name PS/55Z supported DOS/V later.)
5510-Z/S/T (there is not a Japanese display adapter the AT bus deployment exclusive use of DOS/V and OS/2.a forerunner of later PS/V.)
Laptop
5545-T (the plasma display deployment)
5535-S (DOS/V came up as the exclusive OS of our model)
A4 notebook
PS/55note (the forerunner of ThinkPad in the back.an AT bus model and an MCA model)
There was hardly the compatibility with multi-station 5550, but most of 5550 users use only the package software (including DOS document program, 3270 PCs, 5250 PCs, Ichitaro, Multiplan); of data because finished it if was compatible, was able to shift.
Before DOS/V appearance, PS/2 keyboard mouse, VGA monitor, 3.5 inches of floppy disks, overseas software spread.
Remarks
I succeeded the 1024x768 resolution of PS/55 than 5550, and the resolution is the same as XGA, but there is not the compatibility.
The display of PS/55 can display) including the VGA(640x480 resolution with an English mode, but it is in form to receive the signal of the power supply than the main body depending on a model and it is the same to commercial PC/AT compatibles and cannot use it.
As for some models of PS/55, it was supplied OEM as "the I series" by RICOH [6].
Footnote
^"Nihon Keizai Shimbun" May 13, 1987 morning edition where "a work station 32 bits plane is compatible with a product made in appearance - IBM JAPAN, U.S. company one after another.", nine.
^"ASCII EXPRESS IBM JAPAN is, ascii with 80386 machine 3 models of the IBM PS/2 compatibility in application can work all "ASCII" June, 1988 for announcement English version OS/2".
^"Nihon Keizai Shimbun" September 19, 1989 morning edition, 13.
References
IBM JAPAN, Ltd., a compilation "model 5550-S/T/V technology commentary book," it is Ohmsha, 1991.
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In the history of the operating system, I comment on the history of the relatively recent calculator from the viewpoint of operating system (the OS).
I provide function group necessary to control the hardware of function group and the computer that most application programs of the computer need the OS and use, and to synchronize it. An early computer did not have the OS and completely grasped the hardware specifications of the computer even if the individual program executed a normal task, and it was necessary to control the peripheral devices such as a printer or the punched card leader by paying own expenses. As hardware and an application program became complicated, the OS became required.
The early computer was a mainframe and did not have the OS. The user of this time used a machine alone and I prepared for a program and data in form of the punched card and magnetic tape person hole tape beforehand and came over. I let a machine read the program and let you execute a program until it is completed or crashes. The debugging of the program used toggle switch and the lamp of the control panel. It is said that the alane Turing was good at such a work in one of the early computers Manchester Mark I. He has already arrived at the basic concept of "the operating system" from a principle of the all-around Turing machine.
The programmer developed symbolic language, an assembler, a compiler and I wrote it with the program cord that a program written in a binary directly was encoded till then and came to convert it into a binary automatically. Furthermore, I gather up a supporting program handling input and output as a library and store it to a punched card and a magnetic tape and I link with a user's program and come to use it. The structure is a beginning of modern operating system. However, the machine was able to yet carry out only one job at a time at that point. Drew tape to the wash-line pole in British Cambridge University and performed job management of the human power to attach a colored clothespin to each, and to show priority.
When the performance of the computer improved, time to take grew big to really succeed the use from a user to a user than the time when I calculated. I checked the clock which hung over the wall and charged it, but a computer came to take the log automatically till then. The orchid cue was a cue of the users who lined up before a door literally, but it was a reservation list, and they came to pile up the punched card of plural jobs to a leader, and the OS came to finally choose order online, to do a magnetic tape unit automatically. A program developer operated a machine directly and carried out a job, but the exclusive duty operator who performed the maintenance of the machine came to replace it and it was hand-operated and came to rarely set a task once. When the calculation center came to be satisfied as business, it became the problem that data were lost in bugs of the input and output, and the device vendor came to cannot but strengthen a run time library to prevent misuse of the system resource. The automatic monitoring came to amount to the pages that made prints, the number that I punched of cards, the number that I read of cards, the disk space that I used as well as the use of CPU situation, and the function that the intervention of the operator including job practice magnetic tape exchange told about a necessary phenomenon was born. For security capability, an inspection evidence function to record which program accessed which file was increased by the OS and came to prevent unjust access such as a technology calculation program accessing a salary account book file.
All these functions became a part of the complete operating system. And the run time libraries evolved and came to start before job injection and accepted a job and controlled the practice and recorded the use of resource situation and came to have the function to assign it again, and to carry out the next job of the resource when a job completed it. Called it with a monitor or a monitor program, and the program to be stationed in this background, and to manage the whole system came to be called the operating system later.
It may be said that a program to perform management of the hardware, scheduling of the software, resource monitoring is the ancestor of the user intention OS of the later personal computer times. However, the thing which the OS means changes with the times. An old car had neither the speedometer nor the radio nor the air-conditioner, but they became supplied later. Like it, an optional software function became the standard function of many OS packages. But the application such as database management system and the spreadsheet is still optional and is sold separately. Therefore, speaking of the OS, I include a graphical user interface in the present age and comprise utility group and come to point to the system including application and setting tools such as text editor or the File Manager.
The true descendant of the early OS is a part called "a kernel" now. In the technical field, the OS in the meaning from old times is still kept. This is because development of the embedded operating system of the electronic equipment with various data handling from a portable device to an industrial robot and a real-time control system is still performed lively, and most do not carry out the application of the front end which a user sees. The modern embedded OS is not a thing far apart in comparison with the ancestors of the OS of the 1950s that much either.
Mainframe era
It is GM-NAA I/O that the study section [1] of General Motors developed for IBM 704 in 1956 to be said to be the world's first OS put to practical use [2]. A customer developed the OS for many other early IBM mainframes by oneself [3].
The early operating system was very various, and a vendor and a customer brought about various OS's for a specific mainframe. Even if it was the same vendor, a command system and an assembly operation, facility for the debugging made plural totally different OS's. Generally, whenever a maker developed a new model, the new operating system was developed and I revised application with human power each time and compiled it again and evaluated it again.
OS of the computer made in IBM
Such state continued until the 1960s, but IBM which distinguished itself as a hardware vendor stopped the development of various systems which I developed till then and came to concentrate on development of the System/360 series. It is all the series that standardized the input and output architecture using the same instruction set from a small machine to a large-scale machine. IBM was going to develop single operating system OS/360 for this series. The problem that occurred by development of OS/360 half becomes the legend and is described in "the myth in a person month" of Frederick Brooks that it may be said with the classic of the software engineering. In OS/360, it was of the OS family without covering the whole series by the really single OS because performance of the whole series was too different, and software development delayed [4]; [5].
IBM will release two following operating system for a long time.
The OS for scale out of OS/360 - and large scales. Three kinds of constitution options existed.
A product for PCP - initial users. There is not a resource for the multiprogramming.
Scale system use out of MFT -. It became MFT-II in OS/360 Release 15/16. Furthermore, succession included OS/VS1, but I develop it in the 1980s and am completed.
MVT - large scale system use. I am similar in PCP and MFT and most of (the transplant of the program allows it between 3 people without compiling it again), but memory management is refined and comprises time sharing facility TSO. Succession of MVT includes z/OS.
In a product for small models of DOS/360 - System/360, there are some succession, and there is z/VSE. It is greatly different from OS/360.
Because IBM always maintained compatibility, even the program that I developed in the 60s is executable without a change in current z/VSE (program case for DOS/360) and z/OS (in the case of a program for MFT and MVT).
The Control Data corporation (CDC) develops the SCOPE operating system for the batch processing in the 1960s and develops the MACE operating system for the time sharing afterwards. MACE became the base of later KRONOS. I developed KRONOS and the NOS operating system of the succession in cooperation with the University of Minnesota in the 1970s. The NOS supported batch processing and time sharing at the same time. Like many commercial time sharing systems, the interface expanded the interface of DTSS which was the time sharing system of the dawn.
In the late 1970s, CDC developed PLATO system which adopted plasma display and a long-distance time-share ring network in cooperation with University of Illinois. PLATO was extremely innovative for those days, and the application such as real-time chat and the graphical game of the multi user type was enabled by the shared memory model of the programming languageTUTOR.
UNIVAC which produced commercial computers from an infantility developed a series of OS's called EXEC. Like the OS for early other mainframes, I manage the magnetic drum memory, magnetic disk, card reader, line printer by the batch processing-oriented OS. When it was the 1970s, UNIVAC developed Real-Time Basic (RTB) system for large-scale time sharing. This imitated DTSS and the Dartmouth BASIC system, too.
In B5000 which Burroughs announced in 1961, I adopted the OS called MCP (Master Control Program). B5000 is written without using a machine language and the assembly language with the stack machine which was designed to support a high-level language even in a core part of the OS. MCP uses ESPOL which is a dialect of ALGOL by the world's first OS that the whole was written in a high-level language. But ESPOL included a special sentence corresponding to the instruction set of B5000. Besides, there is advanced characteristic in MCP [NB 1] and implements virtual storage as the commercial OS quickly. The OS that rewrote MCP for B5000 is still used in the ClearPath/MCP series of Unisys.
GE developed the OS called GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor) for the GE-600 series. When Honeywell got a computer section of GE, I changed my name with GCOS (General Comprehensive Operating System).
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed large number of OS's for various computer series. For example, there is a time sharing system called TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 for PDP-10 of 36 bits. TOPS-10 was used well at a university before Unix spread, and even the early ARPANET was used well.
When performance of the hardware improved, I operated similar software by plural systems, and it became often said that I transplanted software in 異機種間 from the late 1960s through late 1970s. Therefore I used microprogramming by the early system and even if it was the architecture that became the base, it was the same from software and might show it. For example, in System/360 of IBM, the model after 360/40 becomes the microprogram implementation (except 360/165 and 360/168). However, a method to secure compatibility of the application by other means soon became mainstream.
Sudden rise of minicomputer and Unix
Development of Unix began in Bell Laboratories of AT&T at the about the end of 1960s. The early printing block is available easily free and will spread widely because the correction was easy. It became the procurement requirements in the subsidiary group of AT&T again. If even the new architecture supported even C language because it was written by C language, the transplant was easy. It was adopted with the second generation minicomputer and the first generation work station widely by this transplant-related good point. Because it was adopted widely, I will illustrate a way of thinking to sit on various hardware platforms, and to use the same operating system conceptually. The current UNIX was proprietary software, and only a company and the organization which could pay license charges used it, but, as for Unix, it was one in the origin of the open source exercise.
The system which developed for the same period includes Pick which Microdata Corporation developed. Originally Pick begins as a supporting program of the database applications and is the example which evolved to the OS.
I was often used in entertainment and an education purpose, and it was rare to use those machines for business and a technology calculation, and there was few that the true OS was required.
Because another reason why the OS was not required was a machine of the single user who executed a single task, and the primary storage used the processor of low 8 bits of the performance small (generally there were many cases from 64KB to 128KB of at 256KB from 4KB), this was because it could not ignore an extra overhead to suffer from by using the OS.
The application such as word processors at the time controlled the whole hardware by paying own expenses, and it was similar with the video game.
A game console and game
(the の clone and the derivative were analog "pop"), this flattered it with complete digital electronic equipment, and almost all game consoles and arcade game consoles which designed it after 1980, and were produced had only minimum BIOS to John, SEGA master system, SNKneo-geo-といった product. In addition, Nintendo Entertainment System and the clone gain success by a design not to have BIOS at all.
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