It is said that I have high reliability required by a large-scale server average to use for a nucleus system system of the company. HP Serviceguard) is evaluated, and, in communication in particular, a system of the finance / securities system, the name operates even Japan without remodeling the existing package in conformity with the TCP/IP as much communication, a nucleus system system platform of the finance / securities system user as of 高可用 cluster package MC/ServiceGuard( which I can apply by the generation of the simple shell script. I incorporate a movement monitoring function (TOC timer) of MC/ServiceGuard in a kernel and have reliability, the results by the commercial cluster constitution.
In Japan, famous for what is used for a server of i-mode of NTT DOCOMO [1].
With the CPU of company's PA-RISC and Itanium of Intel origin guarantee the operation. The CPU architecture is different from the PA-RISC system, but, in the Itanium system, offers the compatibility of the binary level by an emulator (Aries binary translator) for EPIC adoption. But the re-compilation of the source code is necessary to get an Itanium system original performance avoiding the influence on performance by the emulation. In addition, object size tends to become big by a change of the CPU architecture.
Input and output data-processing capacity and the high availability at the high level are required to treat large-capacity also a large quantity of data by the large-scale system. The disk domain that can secure a system is managed by a logic volume manager (LVM, VxVM) and copes with substitute processing at the time of the flexible management and obstacle outbreak of the data area. On the other hand, I am optimized by journal file system (VxFS) to be able to perform input and output and the update handling of large-capacity data efficiently. In addition, I become able to perform restoration of the file structure at the time of the obstacle outbreak immediately. VxVM and VxFS adopted a commercial package of VERITAS company which ever existed.
The early version supported Apollo/Domain system. Even HP 9000 series 200, 300, 400 systems based on a processor of the Motorola 68000 series and HP 9000 series 500 system based on the FOCUS architecture of the HP were used.
It supports processor and the IA-64 processor of the PA-RISC range now in 2009. The version is HP-UX 11i v3 (B.11.31). It is placed the functional enhancement version of 11.0 for Internet as 11i. In 11i v1 (B.11.11), I standardize the function that I strengthened when I suggest i-mode gateway system (CIRCUS) of NTT DOCOMO and change thread movement to N:M thread on the top.
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ScummVM implemented the interpreter who interpreted the script language that described the world of the adventure game, and carried it out not an emulator of the hardware again. Therefore originally the game which ScummVM supports is a platform except the platforms where the game was released, but becomes able to play.
It is for unofficial transplant, and, for a supported platform, there are Linux-based cell-phone, GP32 such as Xbox of Microsoft, portable Zaurus and Gizmondo, PDA A780 of Motorola and A680i, Android.
A report that three games for Wii used ScummVM illegally in December, 2008 was sent to the Scumm VM team. Atari asked マジェスコ entertainment for transplant to Wii, and the company subcontracted out to Mistic Software those games more. Mistic used the binary of ScummVM (version 0.9.0), but it was considered to be GPL violation that credit did not display ScummVM team. It was revealed that the credit of the ScummVM team was included by the investigation into binary, and it became clear that the bug in the version was the same.
The team contacted gpl-violations.org and asked it for legal action. The hit denied the charge at first, but showed a posture to accept negotiations when ScummVM did not require a financial reward and knew it when I merely only demanded the GPL observance. However, I understood that I did not accept the use of the open source as the condition that Nintendo used the WiiSoftware Development Kit for and came to give an antagonistic response again. Furthermore, for ScummVM team, I developed the claim that got more like blackmail if the software development technique was illegal. Of course the development technique of ScummVM does not have any problem at all legally.
After a long legal battle, member fingolfin and cyx of the ScummVM team announced the press release [6] and were settled in future that nothing talked about this matter. I continue just selling it about the stock of the game violating GPL for a certain period of time, and I discard it, or an otherwise large amount of fine is inflicted with the remaining stock at that point. I do not use it and will contribute the hit to the free software foundation without informing the team of ScummVM in future, and a hit will pay the trial expense that gpl-violations.org spent by then [7].
"The outer world" was incorporated in ScummVM for 1:00 period, but sparked an intense debate from feelings theory to a pure technical idea. For example, it is a discussion not to turn to discussion to be an action game and bit-mapped graphics-oriented ScummVM rather than an adventure game on the platform for the polygon-based game. Because it was for transplant to ScummVM and made an objection for the reason of Eric Chahi which was the author of "the outer world" planning a Windows version, I would be deleted, and, as a result, the discussion became extinct, too [the source required].
Operation Stealth and Future Wars were added by unifying independent re-implementation versions of those game engine cinE[9].
Additional of the AGI engine
In 2006, Adventure Game Interpreter engine was added. This was based on a cord called Sarien where a lot of bugs had been ever left unattended, and came to work with new ScummVM engine well. The Sarien project terminated and was absorbed to AGI engine of ScummVM [10].
TrollVM was unified by ScummVM, too. This supports game Mickey's Space Adventure before AGI, Troll's Tale, Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood [11].
Game release
Game developer Revolution Software provided a source code in the ScummVM team to support adventure game Beneath a Steel Sky of the company and not only I cooperated, but also, in development of 0.5.0 released on August 2, 2003, decided that I released a CD-ROM version and the floppy disk version of the game as a freeware [12] and allowed you to download it from the website of ScummVM [13]. Several months later, the developer of Flight of the Amazon Queen made it a freeware by similar technique, too.
There is the scene cut on ScummVM in Broken Sword, but this is because it depended not to reverse-engineer it for the ScummVM team either without this using the format called Smacker video when an original was released, and RAD Game Tools which is an origin of development clarifying the specifications of the old Smacker format. Therefore Revolution Software put the printing block which I encoded again in the website of ScummVM and made it downloadable [the source required].
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Commodore 64 (Commodore 64) is the 8 bitshome computer which Como Dole Food Company Inc. announced in January, 1982. I am sketched with C64, C=64, C-64. By the way, it is called CBM 64 (Commodore Business Machines) or VIC-64 [2].
Table of contents
Summary
The mass production of Commodore 64 began in the spring of 1982, and became the release for 595 dollars in August of the year [3]; [4]. The biggest characteristic is larger-capacity than the home computer of the class of VIC-20 and the Commodore PET that are a product conventionally of Como Dole Food Company Inc. or other companies at the time at a point equipped with RAM of 64 kilobytes, and it causes the name. And there was less inferiority even if I compared sound and the performance of the graphics with hit machine Apple II of the same period and the price was much in comparison with Apple II cheaper.
The sale total number is assumed 17 million from 12,500,000 by the sale end of 1993, and is the personal computer that there are the most unit sales for a single model, and still this record is not broken [5]; [6]. C64 sold more than 2 million every year from 1983 through 1986 and occupied the market share of 40% from 30% [7] and was popular better than the 8 bits family of a product and the hit of PC/AT compatibles and the apple which were a competition machine. Sam トラミエル which became Atari's president in the sons of the Commodore founder later states, it "continued for several years to produce C64 at the pace called 400,000 monthly productions when I was in Commodore" by an interview of 1989 [8].
The area of the market included the cause of the success and was sold in not only the electric equipment shop but also a department store and the toy shop. In addition, Commodore produced most of parts of C64 in-house and was able to control a supply and cost in-house. In those days of the home computer dawn, I may be compared with Ford model T which takes part in Commodore 64 which is the first product which succeeded in letting a computer go around to the public widely spreading the new technology called the car to the general public, and made a big success [9].
Including application for game, developer tool, offices, the package softwareware came up in approximately 10,000 titles [10]. I connected to TV directly and could use it and was used as a substitute for a game console mainly than, actually, I said a PC. I am said to be one of the factors that caused a hit shock from the strategic low price routes [to whom?] [The source required]。 In addition, it produced the culture called the demonstration scene, and Amiga released in 1985 built the groundwork to increase, and to compete for high art in American and European countries. The SID sound sources of the built-in sound source will be used many in the tip tune later.
An earnest lover is still led by Europe and America in particular [11] particularly a new work demonstration is still made now in the demonstration scene, and there are many demonstration parties accepting a work of Commodore 64.
History
Birth
In January, 1981, the semiconductor company muslin technology affiliated with Commodore started a project to design the tip for sound for next-generation game consoles and the graphics. The design was completed in November, 1981, and VIC-II (English version) of the graphics chip and the SID sound source of the sound chip were completed [3].
Commodore let engineer palm Terakura (Yasuharu Terakura) of the Commodore Japan develop the game PC max machine which adopted those tips. However, a small quantity was only sold to the max machine in Japan, and the global sale was canceled (the sale in the name of Ultimax was planned).
The Bob raschel and the engineer Bob yeahness of the system programmer of the SID sound source were critical for a lineup of Commodore which continued producing the PET series for business at the time with the same time, an architect of VIC-20. They got the help of the bulldog for the Charles winter that was engineer Al carpenter of VIC-II and a manager of the muslin technology, and they suggested a succession machine to succeed to a low price route of VIC-20 to CEO Jack トラミエル. トラミエル gave the new machine an order for RAM for it to let you carry 64kB. The DRAM of 64kB cost 100 dollars, but there was the price of DRAM in a tendency to fall, and トラミエル thought that I would fall down more when I mass-produced machines in those days. In November, 1981, トラミエル gave it an order for development to be in time for a consumer electronics show (CES) of January in the next year [3].
Commodore BASIC 2.0 was put on built-in ROM and became able to use it as soon as I switched it on. The product name was considered to be "Commodore 64" on the occasion of announcement. A product as for this for business of Commodore at the time like P128 and B256 including the numerical value indicating the memory burden is because was named.
C64 will give glory to an impressive debut with a consumer electronics show of January, 1982. According to David A ジンビッキ in charge of the production, it is said, "the person concerned with Atari which came over to our booth opens a mouth gapingly, and 595 dollars said that a price is possible how". The low-priced secret was an effect of the verticalization by having a semiconductor company called the muslin technology as an affiliate.
Victory in the market
Game cartridge for C64
I was exposed to the competition with a great number of opposition machines when I started shipment in August, 1982 [1]. Low price of C64 was a strength, but followed the other companies immediately first. The main competing model in the North America is Atari 400/800 and Apple II. The machine of the hit resembled closely for hardware, but it was expensive, and the hit had to move a factory to Asia because I spent a custom tip for sound and graphics. In addition, Atari performed the re-design for the purpose of reduction in cost. Apple II which passed through time after was released was not an enemy for the hardware anymore, but there was the high-definition graphic mode which was more than Commodore 64 in Apple IIe of the succession machine [12]; [13]. In addition, Apple II comprised plural expansion slots within a housing, but C64 had only one port for the cartridge for bus expansion means. But the apple comprised an exclusive port to connect them to on the motherboard in C64 whereas I used the expansion slot for the connection of the general peripheral device (disk drive, printer, modem).
There becomes no great difference in 1982 through 83 between these competing machines with the memory burden. The memory burden of Apple II+ was 48kB[14], and Apple IIe of the 64kB deployment came up after C64 shipment in one month. Atari 800 became 48kB, too [15]. Apple II was prices more than twice C64 [16], but Atari 800 was 899 dollars. Besides, many competing planes existed, but there was the key to success of C64 for a bold marketing strategy of Commodore.
Commodore hit a series of TV CM using the relative high price performance ratio in late 1982 after the C64 shipment [17]. Commodore sold C64 in not only the authorized agency but also a department store and a toy shop and the discount store. This is the sales strategy which I had stolen before in VIC-20. Because it embedded an RF modulator, I was connected to TV and was usable immediately. Therefore, like VIC-20, I competed with the home-use game consoles such as Atari 2600 directly. In addition, a more beautiful output is provided because the composite video signal output possessed it like Apple IIe if I connect an exclusive monitor. The composite video signal of C64 divided into a brightness signal and a color signal like the S terminal output and, unlike IIe, could output it, and 1702 Commodore pure monitors coped with it.
The aggressive low-price strategy of C64 is seen with the main factor of the game console market collapse in the North America of 1983 to be known as "a hit shock" [to whom?] [The source required]。 In January, 1983, Commodore presents a campaign to take a trade-in on other models including the game console for 100 U.S. dollars in the case of the purchase of Commodore 64 in the United States [the source required]. Some communication distributors and retail stores touched Timex Sinclair 1000 of the bad stock in C64 for 10 dollars as discount and, taking advantage of this campaign, sold it. The buyer sent it to Commodore and was able to get 100 dollars. By low-price strategy of Commodore, the main home computer maker enters into price competition. Timex Corp. which got a license from British Sinclair Research Corporation, and sold the ZX series greatly inferior to C64 in withdrew from computer business for the cheap performance of the things pricewise by the end of the same year. In addition, Texas Instruments (TI) and other small and weak makers were forced to the withdrawal from the market, too. In the case of electronic calculator war of the 1970s, I competed in TI and a market and had grudge that was the personal that Commodore was cornered to the brink of bankruptcy against Jack トラミエル. There was the meaning of the revenge to TI to be able to follow it [18]. After having become the conqueror of the market, the price of C64 fell more, and local, there was little 100 dollars, and a North American part was able to purchase C64 in the late 1980s.
In Europe, a competing model is BBC Micro of ZX Spectrum and the ray corn of Sinclair and Amstrad CPC 464 of Amstrad. ZX Spectrum shipped to with half prices of C64 several months ago became the conqueror of the market in the U.K. As of 1983, ZX Spectrum was 175 pounds for 399 pounds C64. Although I was not able to have, as for the share like the North American market, C64 fought against British nation machine ZX Spectrum on equal terms until the late 1980s, and there were more unit sales than Zpectrum in after 1985.
It was more expensive, and Commodore changed it to a machine to be able to anticipate of the profit and tried it several times to do C64 for the production end, but it was difficult because constant demand existed in the market. I sell 15 million throughout the world by 1988 [19]. Demand for C64 decreased in the United States in 1990, but it was still steady and changed in Europe including the U.K. Not the result that became outdated, C64 finally became the production end for a financial reason of Como Dole Food Company Inc. I announce that I produce C64 in 1995, and Commodore is finished by CeBIT in Hannover in March, 1994 [20]. But I went bankrupt in April, 1994 before greeting 1995 saying that Commodore produced it and was finished.
C64 as the game console
The offensive of the home computer market led by C64 pursued and made further attacks on a home-use game console made in Atari, Inc. after the hit shock, and the market of the North American game console was destroyed. Only the game market for the home computer became the form to remain under this situation, and Commodore 64 which, as a result, swept over a North American home computer market became the virtual conqueror of the North America game market at the time until 1985 when NES (Nintendo) and Sega Master System (SEGA mark III) struck the North America. In the game market of the late 1980s, NES was popular in the North America, and Master System was prevalent in some countries of Europe where influence of Nintendo was weak, but C64 built the market which was already firm in Western countries as a game platform, and the inner citadel did not collapse. C128 of the higher product came up at this time, too, but most games were equivalent to C64/C128 both sides. Electronic Arts, U.S. new in the approximately only game maker which survived by a hit shock by the substantial game magazine of the review including "Commodore User" (1983 foundation of a periodical) and "Zzap!64" (1985 foundation of a periodical) being published a lot in each country, and shifting to a home computer on a development platform and the largest Acty vision that it was as the first on the list The system which Gold, game maker such as Ocean Software cast Ryosaku into was set. As for the popular software, most are released in C64 in NES and, besides, are transplanted the product made in Japan popularity arcade game which was not transplanted even by Nintendo (NES) including "R-TYPE" and "the ninja war rear" a lot. SEGA product of the killer software of Master System such as "outrunning" or "space Harrier" is released by C64, and it is mentioned specially that it functioned as killer software of C64. The spread of hobby PCs in the youth produced culture to say a demonstration scene, but there were many examples that youth hackers who played an active part in the demonstration scene became the game producer professional later including German factor 5, and such people continued supplying software to C64 after strong rivals such as NES appeared.
Symbol of Commodore 64, SID sound source
Originally C64 had been planned as a game console, and sound and graphic performance excelled others in comparison with a PC of the same generation including VIC-II of VDP equipped with the Sprite function of SID sound source that could pronounce 3 channel + noise 1 channels at the same time, eight pieces or 16 pieces (at the time of use of Sprite doubler) and had enough functions though they fought with a game console of late departure such as NES or Master System. As for the SID sound source, judging from a current viewpoint, limitation realized the characteristic utterance that was different from other sound sources (PSG, pAPU, wave pattern memory sound source) in operating that the synthesizer including a filter function and the abnormality function [21] that there was not of the kind was near by a tip sound source at the time of many burrs elsewhere. In addition, I brought about the specialized game musician who made full use of technique peculiar to the tip tunes such as high-speed arpeggios and those technique, and played music. A game music composer managing SID sound source such as Rob Hubbard and Martin Galway enough from the early period of release of C64 played an active part, but even the composition sound by the sampling becomes able to gain the favor late in release very, and "the turbo outrunning" by the arrangement of Jeroen Tel which took in a sampling sound on a large scale shines in honor of "the 8-bit music that is the best in 1989" in a holding time in 1989 of ECTS (European Computer Trade Show) which is one of the's three biggest game shows of the world.
As a result of substantial software such as the above, C64 succeeded in having popularity to rival with NES and Master System in as "a game console" in the late 1980s, and, as for the game until about 1990 when 16 bits machines spread for C64, a number continued being considerably released. The confidence as such a game console leads to later C64 Games System. By the way, "Super Mario Brothers" of the killer software of NES was not released, but "the great gear pear Stars" which closely resembled Mario was released and won popularity.
The youth who was only a game geek to own C64 knew that I could earn money by developing software using this. トラミエル社長がCeBITなどの展示会に参加した際、そのような若者たちが感謝の意を表すために預金通帳を見せびらかしに来たという逸話がある[22]。 14歳にしてゲーム製作に目覚め、17歳にしてZeppelin Games（現Eutechnyx）を立ち上げたイギリスのBrian Joblingや、前述のマリオのパクリゲーム「グレートギアナシスターズ」や「R-TYPE」のパクリゲーム「カタキス」を製作して訴えられたものの、そのあまりの技術力の高さからアイレムの公式デベロッパーとしてC64版「R-TYPE」の移植を担当することになったドイツのManfred Trenzらが立志伝中の人物として知られている。
Apple II が支配していたアメリカの教育市場で対抗すべく、コモドールは1983年に Educator 64（英語版） を投入した[25]。これは、C64をグリーンモニター付きのPET用筐体に格納したものである。C64のような構成では容易に故障したり盗まれたりするため、学校ではPETのようなオールインワン型が好まれた。
1990年、C64をゲーム機にした Commodore 64 Games System (C64GS) をリリース。カートリッジを上から挿すようにしたほか、内蔵ROMからBASICが削除され、カートリッジを挿入するようメッセージが出るようになっている。今までの豊富なソフトウェア資産を頼りにして発売されたが、市場は既にSega Genesis（メガドライブ）やSNES(スーパーファミコン)といった16ビット機の時代であり、1985年発売のNESやMaster Systemのさらに前世代機に当たるC64GSは相手にされなかった。商業的には失敗し、ヨーロッパにも出荷されなかった。
2011年6月、コモドールのブランドを引き継いだコモドールUSA（英語版）[26][27]が復刻版コモドール64x（英語版）を発売した[28][29]。ただし、C64xは外観こそ当時のデザインを再現しているが内部アーキテクチャはインテル製デュアルコアプロセッサ D525 Atom (1.8GHz)、NVIDIA製グラフィックチップセット ION2、最大4ギガのメモリ搭載、USB、無線LAN等のインターフェースを標準装備した現代の一般的なPCになっている[30]。
C64は、ヨーロッパではデモシーンと呼ばれる文化を生み、このムーブメントはC64/C128の後継機であるAmigaに継承されることとなる。特にSIDチップによるサウンドは音楽で今でも使われており、PC用サウンドカードや Elektron SidStation（英語版） というシンセサイザでもSIDチップが使われている。なお、PAL版とNTSC版ではタイミング等で微妙な非互換があり、デモシーンの多くはPAL版で開発された。
BASIC
1980年代のホームコンピュータとしては、内蔵ROMにBASIC言語処理系を搭載するのが普通で、C64も同様だった。C64はBASICコマンドからアクセスされるKERNAL（英語版）という簡単なオペレーティングシステムも搭載していた。ディスクドライブは自前のマイクロプロセッサを搭載しており、Apple II のようにディスクドライブがメモリ空間を占めるということがなかった。
1980年代には、コモドール64を使った草の根BBSが多数存在した。Bizarre 64、Blue Board、C-Net、Color 64、The Deadlock BBS Construction Set といった電子掲示板ソフトウェアをシスオペがカスタマイズして使用することが多かった。草の根BBSはソフトウェアの違法コピーの流通にも一役買った。
アメリカとカナダでは1985年11月から1994年11月まで、C64/C128ユーザー向けのオンラインサービス Quantum Link (Q-Link) が運営されていた。1991年10月からそれを America Online と改称。現在も続いているAOLの基盤となった。
オンラインゲーム
マルチプレイヤー型のインタラクティブゲームは、DEC PDP-10 上で書かれたアドベンチャーゲームM.U.D（英語版） (Multi User Dungeon) が発祥である。ブリティッシュ・テレコムの Compunet 向けに開発され、アメリカではCompuServeで広まった。このテキストベースのアドベンチャーゲームは、パソコン通信上でリアルタイムの（テキストによる）会話と戦闘が可能だった。
1987年には、C64/C128専用だった Quantum Link でグラフィックスも含めたオンラインゲームの開発が始まっている。このころは300ビット毎秒のモデムをサポートするため、グラフィックスを使ったゲームの開発は困難を伴った。1990年代前半までインターネットはNSFNETによって商用利用が制限されていた。そのため初期のMMORPGやテキストアドベンチャーは CompuServe や AOL といった個別のパソコン通信業者のサービス上で発展していった。
最初のグラフィックスを使ったオンラインゲームとして Club Caribe がある。1988年ルーカスアーツが Habitat としてQ-Linkを利用するC64ユーザー向けに発売したもので、後に Club Caribe と改称している。ユーザーは相互にやり取りでき、アイテムを交換できるようになっていた。初歩的なものだったがオンラインアバターも採用しており、オンラインチャットとグラフィックスの組み合わせは当時としては斬新だった。
Angerhausen, M.; Becker, Dr. A.; Englisch, L.; Gerits, K. (1983, 84). The Anatomy of the Commodore 64. Abacus Software (US ed.) / First Publishing Ltd. (UK ed.). ISBN 0-948015-00-4 (UK ed.). German original edition published by Data Becker GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf.
Bagnall, Brian (2005). On the Edge: the Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore. Variant Press. ISBN 0-9738649-0-7. See especially pp. 224−260.
Commodore Business Machines, Inc., Computer Systems Division (1982). Commodore 64 Programmer's Reference Guide. Self-published by CBM. ISBN 0-672-22056-3.
Tomczyk, Michael (1984). The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-942386-75-2.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
