검색어 The History of Wisconsin에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시
검색어 The History of Wisconsin에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시

2017년 1월 19일 목요일

Black hawk war

Black hawk war

Black hawk war
Black Hawk War
Black Hawk.jpg
マカタイメシェキアキアク (black hawk (English version)) chief
Time 1832May 14 - August 2
Place Illinois and Michigan associate state
Result Victory of U.S. forces
The power that collided
U.S. forces
An alliance Indian: Ho chunk group, Menomini, Potawatomi
The "British band" Sauk of the black hawk, a Fox group and kickapoo
Commander
Henry Atkinson
Henry dodging
Adam W Schneider
イザイア steal man
Samuel white side, etc.



I am not
Force
2,000 militiamen
1,500 regular soldiers
Is it a volunteer?
300+ alliance Indian


500 soldiers
1,000 tribeswomen
Toll
Death in battle: At least 60 (including the noncombatant) 450 people - 600 people

The United States of America takes their territory away from the Indian tribe in northwestern United States of America in 1832 and is colony and the North America colony war that I woke up to do it, and black hawk war (going British :Black Hawk War which a black hawk does not do) is Indian war (ethnic cleansing).

Table of contents

Summary

The Sauk who was robbed of territory by the United States revolted against this. Their resistance war arose sympathy from Sauk in accord with the same circumstances, a Fox group and the kickapoo and caused a fight in each place. Because a black hawk (English version) chief stood as a brunt of questions of tribal negotiations of oneself, I am called "black hawk war".

The U.S. forces concerned with oppression of the Indian resistance power were militiamen of the Illinois and Michigan associate state (today's Wisconsin). The name was on with the war, but it was the ethnic cleansing for the Indian who a lot of battles between two and a half months were repetition of the skirmishes, and was finally a convention of the Indian war.

Background

Both Britain and France sent most of native Indians out of the independence past of the United States to the west of the Mississippi. Fox family was the Indian tribe where a territory was driven to by military power with Sauk, too.

After Fox War (English version), the Sauk thrown out of Five Lakes and around Detroit and Fox group moved out of necessity west, and Illinois river made a village again to the north of the Missouri, and, in the north, the south did this with a territory from the Wisconsin. Central village "ソークヌク" of the Sauk has been already made at the mid-18th century. The black hawk chief was born there in 1767 and spent most of the lives [1].

 
Territory (yellow part) which Indiana associate state "bought" from an Indian in "St. Louis treaty" of 1804

In the United States of America, the settlement along the eastern coast was important, and, after independence, there was the settlement to the Five Lakes west only slowly. A treaty negotiated with chiefs of the soak & Fox group in St. Louis to increase the territories, and, in 1804, governor William Harrison of the Indiana associate state obtained east land of the Mississippi by transfer on a 2,234.50 dollar a year considerable "present" and a condition to do a 1,000 dollars considerable "present" every year [2]. This St. Louis treaty with the soak & Fox group was included in the article which promoted a friendly relationship and harmony, and the guarantee of trade and the protection was declared, too [2]. I decided to be allowed to stay there until surveying of the land was over to an Indian, and here was sold to the United States of America Government formally [2].

However, it is doubtful whether they understood this in expectations street on the white side because there was not the culture "to perform selling buying of land" to an Indian. In other words, this is "to have come that a white gives a present and concludes peace" according to an Indian and because "I gave a present, according to a white, leave forever" and is.

Then 20 years passed peacefully. It was 1828, and the United States began to survey this ground, and Indian agent Thomas Forsyth had the dispute that "black hawk war" and a white called in what I required to Indians saying "I want you to move out forever from this ground". The Indian was surprised at this demand of the sudden surprise and flew into a rage [2]. It was a debate about the land, and the ultimate factor of the dispute was caused by St. Louis treaty of 1804.

Both misunderstanding

However, the cause of the very beginning dispute was to have misunderstood it when a white was "a leader" in black hawk chiefs. Whites thought that the Sauk would follow the Fox group to be able to fall silent if they concluded a black hawk and a treaty. However, the whole tribe is not restricted at all by the policy even if the society of the Indian is a representative system basically, and the black hawk undertook the part of negotiations with the white as an arbitrator of the consultation that is a chief (chief), and a bridgebuilder performed 交渉事 with a white. For an Indian, it is because it is only a black hawk and a personal decision of white to the last.

As a matter of course, this demand of white disputed it in a black hawk and a tribe. It intended to get the consent of all tribes by the white mistaking a black hawk for "a great leader", and having tied up a treaty to him, and there is me, and this is because there was not any consultation in a tribal general meeting as described above. In addition, a person on behalf of a tribe did not have authority to sell land to [1]. There is not it in というよりも, the Indian society including "a person on behalf of a tribe" from a beginning.

Black hawk and soak & Fox family were allied with British troops, and he did a signature (he only writes x), but, after (U.S. and British war) in conflict with U.S. forces, he protested "a treaty in May, 1816" that reconfirmed in "a 1804 treaty" as for the black hawk in it later saying "I did not know it". Because the black hawk was not "a representative" with "a thing entrusted with tribal full power" which was a chief to the last (arbitrator) either, the responsibility that I was going to have white him carry was unreasonable at all. While a black hawk left the front of the U.S. and British war, ケオクク of the Sauk distinguished himself/herself, and the relations of these two people became the antagonism [1].

 
Portrait (George Catlin image) of ケオクク

The settlement white population of Illinois swelled after U.S. and British war at one sweep and went over 50,000 people in 1820 and reached 150,000 in 1830. In 1825, 13 Sauk and six Fox groups signed the new written consent which reconfirmed a treaty in 1804. I understood that whites got tribal official recognition by this "signature" and, in 1828, gave notice of Thomas Forsyth that was a communication window of the United States of America government to evacuate the village from the Mississippi and to the east to Indians [1].

The United States did a big misunderstanding here. Even if 13 Sauk and six Fox groups made a signature (they only write X mark) in written consent, for an Indian, it is only an agreement of the individual interval where tribe and what of them have nothing to do.

On July 15, 1830, United States of America Indian charge director William Clark performed a soak & Fox group and new treaty signing in the Crawford fort of the Wisconsin prairie do scene [3].

This treaty "let the United States of America Government transfer land of the Sauk of 107,000 ㎢". In this treaty, I established "the neutral zone" between the Sioux who was the traditional enemy of Sauk and Fox group and them and prevented the fight between the tribes which would be antagonistic in future from having it.

ケオクク performed a signature (I only write x) in this treaty, and it was approved in November, 1830 by Dakota Sioux. [4] Of course the agreement signature of ケオクク is unrelated to the agreement of all the tribeswomen. For the Indian who respected culture "to share all" now, I was not able to understand this withdrawal order of white at all.

People concerned with a battle

United States of America

On April 16, 1832, Illinois Governor terminated a volunteer five regiment in the base-up town and gave off declaration to leave for the north to send a school of the black hawks Sauk which did not obey "an order" out of Illinois. As a result, a one-third of the U.S. Army would affect it, but 9,000 Illinois militiamen were the main members of U.S. forces. [5]It became the's first battle of "the black hawk war" that the small battalion of the Illinois militiaman started the chase of the black hawk from the set point of the armed forces in the Locke River of the Dixon on May 9 [6].

After the first battle, some small skirmishes and "slaughter" continued. After these skirmishes, the governor drafted the posse of 4,000 people more. [7]The draft period of the militiaman whom I gathered for a month was over first, and, on May 27 and 28th, it was discharge from military service. [6]The federal government let 1,000 regular soldiers of Winfield General Scot and 300 mounting a horse volunteers join a strategy. [6]When it seemed that the role of commander Atkinson of this strategy was over soon, cholera attacked the U.S. forces. The armed forces of Winfield Scot submitted it to Illinois from the eastern part.

General Scot gathered approximately 1,000 U.S. forces regular soldiers. [8]I went to Chicago on a ship from New York buffalo. There is the record that there was formerly in the armed forces of cholera. [9][8] the expedition was destined to be bad. A disease occurred, and many people died. Disease-causing germs were left at the place where a soldier struck, and the soldier escaped. [9]

Treatment to prevent that infection spread out to the people of the town which a visitor passed was adopted and three citizens only died in the place where the first patient appeared and were kept. [8]However, the cholera infection of the large scale happened in the United States in 1833. It was thought that the root dated back to the Scot expedition. [10]When a visitor went ashore in Chicago, the soldier who could fight did not reach 200 people. [9]Scot felt the need to cancel a strategy toward the battlefield. On the other hand, I waited for reinforcements and supplies and decided to take care of the soldier having a disease. Scot was behind with the arrival to the battlefield, but played an important role in the making of draft of peaceful negotiations. [11]

British band

It was the group which a white called "a British band" that there was a black hawk chief, and they were approximately 500 soldiers and 1,000 old men, women, children when they crossed the Mississippi on April 5. [12][13] Sauk, a Fox group and kickapoo joined this. They went over the Mississippi in junction neighborhood with the Iowa River and performed it successively along a northeast lock river. I passed the ruins of ソークヌク and went to the village which there was of spell teacher ワボキエシエク (white cloud) of the Sauk & Ho chunk group (ウィンネバーゴ group). [13]

Trigger

The village of ソークヌク was included in the land made cession in a treaty, too, but the black hawk chief decided it without accepting sale of the land to remain in this village. [1][2], in spite of ケオクク and the opposite of American authorities, the group of the black hawk returned to ソークヌク after winter hunting of 1830. [1]Because the black hawks returned to ソークヌク again in 1831 after one-year strain was in a state, governor John Reynolds of Illinois declared it with "the invasion of the country" [1]. As for black hawk chiefs, the demand of white was not able to understand it.

In response to a request of the Governor of Reynolds, Edmund pen Dell ton Gaines's general arrived at ソークヌク with the armed forces from St. Louis and required withdrawal to a black hawk immediately. [1] The black hawk chief who was an arbitrator refused this once, but I avoided bloodshed case and came back to the west of the Mississippi because 1,400 militiamen whom Reynolds summoned on June 25 increased, and a threat was hung. [1]I was made to promise that I remained in the west of the Mississippi without a black hawk and chiefs of the British band being made to sign written consent of the surrender by force on June 30, and coming back to the hometown [1].

 
ワボキエシエク (white cloud) called "a prophet of ウィンネバーゴ"

On April 5, 1832, black hawk and others were opposed to ケオクク, and 1,000 black hawk and others "British bands" returned to Illinois. [1]ワボキエシエク of the Ho chunk group (ウィインネバーゴ group) promised the support of the Ho chunk group for a black hawk, and it was said that I would be concerned with an outbreak of the war, but ワボキエシエク really only protected one's tribe [14]. In addition, it was connected for the return to their hometown that knee Pope chief of the Sauk conveyed the U.K. and other tribes of Illinois to (actually, there was not it) and a black hawk with the preparation for support of black hawk and others. [14]

The Henry Atkinson honor brigadier general was given a duty of the war accomplishment. [15]The authorities of the federal government gave a black hawk and the group an order for withdrawal to the west of the Mississippi with the chief of Sauk and the Fox group, but the black hawks refused and did not leave there. [12]An Indian tribe and British troops of Illinois and Michigan where the black hawk discussed it with a Ho chunk group and Potawatomi soon, and knee Pope said to knew that there was not intention to help black hawks afterwards. [12]

When Illinois militiaman did the decision that a black hawk and a British band returned to Iowa on May 10, I heard it and baked the village of the prophet. A later "steal men orchid" case disturbed returning home, and black hawk war began. .[12]

I it in progress of the war

Fight of the steal men orchid

ブラック・ホーク戦争の最初の衝突は1832年5月14日に起こり、ブラック・ホークのバンドの予想外の勝利に終わった。[16]民兵隊は馬に乗って、その後を何台かの荷車が追っており、骨の折れる行軍の後で現在のスティルマン・バレー近くキシュウォーキー川の北でブラック・ホークのバンドと接触した。民兵がブラック・ホークのバンドの3人の斥候の1人を殺した時、ソーク族の酋長が40名の騎馬戦士とともに黄昏の民兵宿営地を襲った。[16]民兵の数は275名以上いたが、結束は直ぐに壊れて、35マイル (56 km)程離れたディクソンズ・フェリーまで逃亡した。[17]この襲撃の時に、イザイア・スティルマン指揮下の11名の民兵が戦死した。[18]

スティルマン・バレーでの最初の衝突の直ぐ後で、2,000名の「血に飢えた戦士が北部イリノイを席捲して破壊をほしいままにしている」という情報操作された一報が、一帯の白人を恐怖させた。[6] ブラック・ホークは、最初の小競り合いの後、部隊の中にいた非戦闘員の多くをミシガン準州に連れて行った。[6]5月19日、民兵隊はロック川沿いの道を辿り、ブラック・ホークのバンドを捜索した。[6]翌月に北部イリノイと南部ウィスコンシンで幾つかの小さな小競り合いや虐殺が起こり、民兵隊はブラッディ・レイクとワダムズ・グラブの戦いでやっと自信を取り戻した。[19]

バッファロー・グラブの急襲

5月19日、ジェイムズ・M・ストロード大佐の放った6名の特殊任務部隊がガレナに向かう途中で、オグル郡のバッファロー・グラブ開拓地(現在は廃棄)近くでインディアンの1隊に待ち伏せされた。[20]この時の犠牲者は1人だけだった。この兵士はウィリアム・ダーリーといって、彼の倒れた場所にフェリクス・セント・ブレインによって埋葬された。[21][22][23]他に二人が衣服の備品に銃弾を受けたが傷は負わなかった。[20]1910年にイリノイ州ポロのポロ歴史協会がダーリーの記念碑を建てた。この時、ダーリーの遺骸も記念碑の下に移葬された。[24]

インディアン・クリークの虐殺

ブラック・ホーク戦争の中で最も有名で、公にも宣伝された出来事はブラック・ホークとそのブリティッシュ・バンドには直接結びつかない周辺的なものであった。[25]イリノイ州インディアン・クリークの近くの水源をめぐり、白人入植者と争いとなり、ポタワトミ族の若き戦士キーワシーたち戦士団が、クリークの堤にあったウィリアム・デイビスの開拓地を襲った。[26]攻撃の結果は残酷な殺人となり、ほとんど武器を持たない15名の男、女、子供が殺された。デイビスは戦士の1人を殺した後、自分も殺されたという。[26]さらに2人の10代の少女が拐われたが、ほぼ2週間後に受け戻された。[27]この出来事は白人の間に恐慌を引き起こし、多くの入植者が安全を求めて近くの砦に逃げ込んだ。一方イリノイ州の民兵隊はこのことをイリノイやケンタッキー州での新兵募集に利用した。[28][25]今日、虐殺の現場には石碑が立っている。[26]

セント・ブレインの虐殺

セント・ブレインの虐殺は、5月24日に、ケロッグス・グラブの今日のパール・シティ近くで起こった。この虐殺はブラック・ホークのバンドの戦士とは別の、ホーチャンク族の戦士が実行した可能性がある。[23]ホーチャンク族の許可を得ていた可能性は少ない。[23]この虐殺でアメリカ合衆国インディアン管理官フェリクス・セント・ブレインとその仲間3名が殺された。セント・ブレインの体はバラバラにされていたという証言があり、生きたままで切断されたと主張するものもある。[21][29]

この事件は白人たちに、一帯のすべてのインディアンに対する謂れの無い恐怖を呼び起こし、それは白人入植者に友好的だった部族にも向けられた。[23]その一つの例は5月30日に発行された「ニュー・ガレニアン」紙の記事に現れた。この記事は、虐殺の経緯に触れ、セント・ブレインとその仲間の殺人はソーク族やフォックス族のケオククの戦士団に関連付けられていた。[30]

ブルーマウンズ砦

今日のウィスコンシン州デーン郡ブルーマウンズ村の近くにあったブルーマウンズ砦は戦闘や小競り合いが行われた場所ではないが、6月6日から20日にかけて、砦の近くで戦争に関わる出来事があった。[31][32]最初の出来事は1人の鉱山士が殺されたことであり、地域住民はホーチャンク族の戦士がやったのではないかと疑った。このことは、ホーチャンク族の中から他にもブラック・ホークのバンドに加わって、ミシガン準州やイリノイの白人入植者を脅かすのではないかという怖れを増幅させた。[33]2番目の出来事は、目撃者の証言によれば、100名程の戦士による砦への本格的な攻撃であった。[33]この攻撃で砦を守備していた民兵のうち2名が殺された。1名は遺体が見つかった時バラバラにされており、「一部」は見つからなかった。[33][34]

スパッフォード農園の虐殺

スパッフォード農園の虐殺(またはウェインの虐殺)は今日のウィスコンシン州サウスウェインの近くで6月14日に起こった。オムリ・スパッフォードの農園で働いていた7名をインディアンの1隊が襲い、スパッフォードを含め5名が殺された。[35]2人は逃げ延び、そのうちの1人はハミルトン砦に逃げ込む前に1人の襲撃者を殺した。[35]もう一人は数日間森の中に隠れて過ごした。というのも、ほぼ同じ頃に到着した友好的なメノミニー族に砦が奪取されたと思い込んでいたからである。[36]

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦い

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦いは、スパッフォード農園の虐殺から2日後の6月16日、今日のウィスコンシン州ウッドフォードの近くでホースシュー・ベンドと呼ばれるペカトニカ川の流れが変わってできた池の傍で起こった。民兵隊が20名ほどのインディアン戦士団を見つけて追跡し、全滅させた。この戦いはブラック・ホーク戦争でのアメリカ軍の初めての勝利となった。

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い(またはイエロー・クリークの戦い)は6月18日に、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡のイエロー・クリークの近くで起こった。[33][37][38]戦闘は銃剣やナイフを使った流血戦となった。ソーク族の者6名と、ジェイムズ・ステファンソンの部下の民兵3名が戦死した。ステファンソンもマスケット銃の弾を胸に受けて重傷を負った。[39][33][37]この戦闘の結果はスティルマンズ・ランの敗北で恐怖の残っていた地域住民の間で、民兵に対する信頼を取り戻すことに貢献した。戦死した民兵の遺体はケロッグズ・グラブの記念墓地に埋葬された。[38]

アップル川砦の戦い

アップル川砦の戦いは、6月24日に、今日のイリノイ州エリザベスの近く、急ごしらえのアップル川砦で始まった。ブラック・ホークたちおよそ150名から200名のソーク族とフォックス族の戦士が、25名の民兵守備隊が守る砦を襲った。クラック・ストーン大尉が指揮する民兵は、砦の守備隊の多くが外に出ていたので手が足りなかった。双方が激しく銃撃を交わして戦いは少なくとも45分間続いた。砦の中には近郷の開拓者が逃れてきていた。一人の女性、エリザベス・アームストロングが戦闘のあとでその勇敢さを表彰された。アームストロングは砦の中の女性を集めて銃弾を補給し銃への装填も手助けした。砦が以前よりも防御が堅くなっていると判断したブラック・ホークたちは撤退した。

ケロッグズ・グラブの戦い

ブラック・ホーク戦争では、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡ケロッグズ・グラブで2度衝突が起こった。1回目は6月16日に起こり、小さな小競り合い程度のものであった。[40]アダム・W・スナイダーが指揮する部隊が約80名のキカプー族戦士と交戦した。[38]この戦いで3名の民兵が戦死し、キカプー族戦士は6名が戦死した。[38]

2回目はもっと大きなもので、6月25日に起こった。ジョン・デメント少佐の指揮する部隊が、インディアンの大きな戦士団と林の中で戦った。ブラック・ホークの参加したインディアン戦士団は勢いの衰えない攻撃を繰り返し、25頭の馬と5名の民兵が戦死した。ソーク族の戦士は少なくとも9名が死んだ。[38]

ウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦い

7月21日、ヘンリー・ドッジ将軍とジェイムズ・D・ヘンリー将軍の指揮するイリノイとウィスコンシンの民兵隊が今日のウィスコンシン州ソーク・シティ近くでブラック・ホークのブリティッシュ・バンドを捕捉した。[40][41]この衝突がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いとして知られることになった。軍事的にはブラック・ホークたち戦士隊にとって壊滅的な打撃であった。激しい混戦の中で溺れた者も含め、損害は70名以上に上った。[40]比較的高い損失にもかかわらず、インディアン戦士団の大部分、これには女、子供も含まれていたが、ウィスコンシン川を越えて逃げ延びた[40]。しかし、その猶予も束の間であり、民兵隊は最終的にバッドアクス川の河口でインディアン戦士団を捕え、戦争の行方を決定付けることになった。

バッドアクスの戦い

バッドアクスの戦いは、8月1日から2日にかけて、今日のウィスコンシン州ビクトリーの近く、バッドアクス川がミシシッピ川に合流するところで起こった。ヘンリー・アトキンス将軍の指揮するアメリカ軍は蒸気船の戦闘艦まで持ち出して銃と大砲でインディアン戦士団を攻撃した。2日間にわたる戦闘で、最後は戦意を失ったインディアンが逃げ出すところを虐殺するようなことになった。非戦闘員を含め150名以上のインディアンが殺された。アメリカ軍の損失は5名が戦死、19名が負傷であった。ブラック・ホークは捕虜になった。

この戦闘でブラック・ホーク戦争は終結し、ミシシッピ川の東でのインディアンとの戦いも最後となった。

その後

軍事的な結果

1832年のブラック・ホーク戦争では、70名の白人入植者とアメリカ軍白人兵士、および数百人のソーク族戦士が死んだ[15]。戦闘での損失とは別に、ウィンフィールド・スコット将軍の救援部隊では、数百名が死亡または逃亡した[9]。戦争の結果、イリノイ州、アイオワ州、およびウィスコンシン州のインディアンによる攻撃の不安が除去された[42]

政治的な結果

後にアメリカ合衆国大統領となるエイブラハム・リンカーンはこのブラック・ホーク戦争でレイノルズの民兵隊に従軍したが、実戦には遭遇しなかった。[40]やはり大統領になるザカリー・テイラーはアトキンソン将軍の下で部隊を指揮した。[40]南軍の大統領となったジェファーソン・デイヴィスは戦争中の大半は従軍していなかったが、1832年9月には戻ってきて、降伏したブラック・ホーク、その息子ファーリング・サンダー、ニーポープ、ホワイト・クラウドその他をミズーリ州のジェファーソン兵舎まで移送護衛を務めた。[40]デイビスは1887年に、彼がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いに参軍していたと語ったが、今日では信憑性を疑われている。[43]

ブラック・ホーク戦争は、合衆国内で行われた他の戦争と同様に政治家となったものに箔を付けた。リンカーンやデイビスのような顕著な例の他にも、イリノイ州の知事は4名が従軍していた。トマス・フォード、ジョン・ウッド、ジョセフ・ダンカン、およびトマス・カーリンである。[15]ミシガン州ネブラスカ州でも後の知事を輩出し、少なくとも7人はアメリカ合衆国上院議員となった。[15]1836年、ヘンリー・ドッジはウィスコンシン準州の知事に任命された。[15]

しかし、ヘンリー・アトキンソンは戦後あまりうまくいかず、最後の10年間はセントルイスのジェファーソン兵舎で過ごした。[15]戦争に従軍したもの、部下や上官はアトキンソンの戦争指揮がまずかったと思った。[15]時の大統領アンドリュー・ジャクソンは戦争の責任を負わせる者を、戦争継続中から探していた。戦後の議会報告書はアトキンソンの過失について触れており、密かにアトキンソンを批判する者もいた。ザカリー・テイラーは、戦争の最初の戦闘がイザイア・スティルマンの民兵隊ではなく、アトキンソンの正規兵隊がブラック・ホークと会しておれば、この戦争は1発の銃弾を放つこともなく終わっていただろうと述べた。[15]

調停者であるマカタイメェキアキアク(ブラック・ホーク)は、戦争の責任者にされ、一連の戦争は「ブラック・ホーク戦争」と名付けられた。しかしブラック・ホークがこの戦争を「率いていた」わけではない。インディアンにとってはこれはソーク族の戦争であり、フォックス族の戦争であり、キカプー族、その他、この地から領土を奪われたくなかったインディアン部族それぞれの戦争なのである。ソーク&フォックス族はこの戦争の後、ミシシッピ以東の彼らの領土を永久に失った。

脚注

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, James. "Background," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  2. ^ a b c d e Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1804, Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Washington: 合衆国政府印刷局, 1904. 1804年11月3日 7 Stat., 84. Ratified 1805年1月25日, proclaimed 1805年2月21日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  3. ^ Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., 1830, 1830年7月15日, 7 Stat., 328, Proclamation: 1831年2月24日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日
  4. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas, The Indian Frontier: 1763-1846 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), pp. 176-7, (ISBN 0826319661).
  5. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2A. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Black Hawk War," Historical Events, Illinois State Military Museum. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  7. ^ Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the Great West, (Google Books), H. Howe: 1857, p. 298. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  8. ^ a b c "July 12: "The Most Painful Situation Which Can Well Be Imagined"", Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  9. ^ a b c d "July 8, Fort Gratiot, Mich.: Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  10. ^ Olson, Greg. "Plague on the Prairie" Illinois Heritage, February 2002. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  11. ^ Nielsen, Lynn. "Theme 2: American Indians in Iowa," (PDF), University of Northern Iowa, Explorations in Iowa History Project, 2003. Compiled from: Sage, Leland L. A History of Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa: 1974, (ISBN: 0813807166).
  12. ^ a b c d Harmet, p. 13.
  13. ^ a b Lewis, James. "Introduction," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  14. ^ a b "April 6: The U.S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2D. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  16. ^ a b "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  17. ^ "Battle of Sycamore Creek, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
  18. ^ "Major Isaiah Stillman," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, 2002, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月7日.
  19. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  20. ^ a b Kett, H.F. and Co. The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, (Google Books), H.F. Kett & Co., Chicago: 1887, p. 284.
  21. ^ a b Stevens, Frank E. The Black Hawk War, Frank E. Stevens 1903, pp. 169-171. Available online at Northern Illinois University Libraries Digitization Project. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
  22. ^ "Buffalo Grove," Polo Community High School, Lee/Ogle Regional Office of Education #47. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
  23. ^ a b c d "The Killing of Felix St. Vrain," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
  24. ^ "William Durley Monument," Illinois Digital Archives, Illinois Secretary of State/State Librarian, to access (PDF) click access this item. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
  25. ^ a b "May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  26. ^ a b c McIntyre, Mac. "The Indian Creek Massacre," 2000, DeKalb County History, DeKalb County Online. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  27. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2B. Retrieved 2007年8月6日
  28. ^ Matile, Roger. "U.S Army, cholera mark end of Black Hawk War," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), 2007年6月14日. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  29. ^ Matson, Nehemiah. Memories of Shaubena: With Incidents Relating to the Early Settlement of the West, (Google Books), D.B. Cooke & Co., 1887, pp. 207-210. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  30. ^ "The Killing of Felix St. Vrain," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月28日.
  31. ^ Adams, Barry. "Rounding up its rich past," Wisconsin State Journal, Capital Newspapers. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  32. ^ Beaouchard, Edward D. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, "Edward D. Beaouchard's Vindication," Wisconsin State Historical Society, pp. 293-294. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  33. ^ a b c d e Trask, Kerry A. Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America, (Google Books), Henry Holt: 2006, pp. 220-221, (ISBN 0805077588). Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  34. ^ Smith, William Rudolph. The History of Wisconsin, (Google Books), 1854, B. Brown, p. 213. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  35. ^ a b History of LaFayette County, Wisconsin, (Google Books), Consul Willshire Butterfield, Western Historical Co: 1881, p. 599. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  36. ^ Wakefield, John Allen; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed. History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two; Reprinted as: Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 4, Section 70. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  37. ^ a b Carter, Greg. "Captain Stephenson's Fight," May 2004, Old Lead Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  38. ^ a b c d e Dameier, Evelyn. "Kellogg's Grove," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1978年 1月18日, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  39. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
  41. ^ Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed. A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via The State of Wisconsin Collection, University of Wisconsin.
  42. ^ "The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources," 2000, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2007年8月8日.
  43. ^ "April 20: Jefferson Davis in the Black Hawk War," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Interview originally published: Aldrich, Charles. "Jefferson Davis and Black Hawk." The Midland Monthly, Vol 5, No. 5 May 1896, pp. 408-409. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.

関連項目

参考文献

  • Harmet, A. Richard. "Apple River Fort Site, (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1997年3月31日,HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
  • 『Readings in Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy』Felix S. Cohen、1952年)
  • 『American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World』(David E. Stannard 、Oxford University Press、1993年)

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Black hawk war

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

2016년 11월 16일 수요일

Georgetown (Washington D.C.)

Georgetown (Washington D.C.)

The venerable building of the familiar golden dome type which was PNC Bank or connections リッグス bank Branch is complicated with now in PNC Bank and is built at the intersecting corner of Wisconsin avenue and the M street.

Georgetown (English notation :Georgetown) is a name in the suburbs of the northwestern part of United States of America capital Washington D.C. along the Potomac bank of a river. It was an independent city before Washington D.C. established it.

Table of contents

Geography

 
Even an abbreviated designation of Chesapeake Ohio canal "C&O Canal" is known.

In Georgetown, in the south, in the east, in the north, in the Glover park and the west border it in Georgetown University in a lock creek in the Potomac particularly the area of the Western neighborhood is located in the precipice looking around the Potomac. Therefore there are many slightly rapid slopes as it links the south to the north. The famous stairs called "exorcist steps" connecting M street and the プロスペクト street become in particular the steep grade by the slightly elevated topography of the outskirts.

Most important just what is M street and Wisconsin avenue commercially in Georgetown, and the high quality fashion shop forming a line here gathers a tourist and shoppers in great numbers through the year. In addition, the growth of the K street facing the bank of a river is remarkable, and a bar and the restaurant which I call for outdoor form and got are spots of popularity though they watch a game of a boat race. Historical Chesapeake Ohio canal flows between M, street and the K street, and tour boats navigate it regularly today, and there are many people who jog on the path contacting with the both sides, and take a walk.

Main campus and France, Mongolia, Thailand of Georgetown University, an Ukrainian embassy are in Georgetown. For other tourist attractions,

I include などが.

History

 
The oldest building which exists in old stone house Washington D.C. It is one of the well-known tourist attractions.

Georgetown was built in 1696 by a European. It was recognized formally for the first time as a city in 1751 said partly of the British colony of the Maryland district (early Frederick, later Montgomery county), and it was in a part of 13 colonies afterwards. It was located in the fall line that there was in a coastal plain and the boundary with the old mountainous district, and there was it at the most secluded point when the ship of the open sea navigation went up in the Potomac. Because such a location was suitable for the port, I prospered and became the important way station that transported the freight such as cigarettes from a ship of the Potomac to the ship of the Chesapeake Ohio canal.

Georgetown is a hometown of the Francis Scot key. When British troops attacked Washington D.C., in the case of U.S. and British war, the William beans doctor who was the relative of the key was restricted by the backward military unit. When the British troops retreated, they took beans doctor to the British fleet close to Baltimore as a captive. When the key which took a turn for a fleet for the release to Dr. beans was detained, and the battleship of British troops attacked McHenry fort, I saw a national flag of the United States of America which stood in the fort and hit on the lyrics of the national anthem of the United States of America.

Origin of the name

George ベオル and George Gordon established Georgetown as "town of George" in the Maryland Frederick county (I divide it later to the Montgomery county) in 1751. There is the opinion which took the name of two founders while there is the opinion that it was named as for the name of this city for the purpose of praising George II because there was the coincidence that the name of both founders having been same George and the name of the British King at the time were George. [1]

Merger with Washington D.C.

 
The sign of the コンデュイット-type tram car attached to O, a street road in the 1890s remains.

With founded Washington county and Alexandria county (now Virginia Arlington county), it was independence municipal administration of federation District of Columbia newly, and, after American War of Independence, in Georgetown, it was also in "District of Columbia Georgetown City" Washington City, Alexandria City.

In 1862, Washington Georgetown railroad company laid a carriage rail line along M street of Georgetown and the Pennsylvania avenue in the Washington city. This became the big factor to lead two cities to the unification.

It was not merged with Washington city formally until 1871, and Georgetown remained another city nominally again until 1895. In the case of merger, I added the name of the street of Georgetown and a name as I was used on the street in the Washington city and was changed the name.

I it later

Many African candies re-Kan moved to Georgetown by the Civil War, and I made community, but a flood in 1890 and the expansion of the railroad put an end to the prosperity of the Chesapeake Ohio canal, and poor slums increased in Georgetown. However, as a result, many old houses will be stored in a relatively good state.

The riverfront kept the industrial characteristic until the early 20th century. Therefore Georgetown became the base of a wood factory and a cement factory, the meat factory which produced it, and the chimney of the incinerator soared. The white Hearst freeway which is the elevated high speed way of the K street upper part is built to detour, and to come in the Washington city through a key bridge of Georgetown when a car goes to the inner city in 1949.

It is a high-quality house

 
The store named the ream is full of shoppers day after day along the 28th street road.

Georgetown was the only city to carry a central role of a fashion, the culture on at first in District of Columbia formed newly. However, the social center of the city moved to the east side lined with the high quality house group which represented the booming times when I had begun to increase along the house of the style and Massachusetts avenue in the new Victoria morning when I appeared around paths of cyclic intersection in the city across a lock creek as Washington city developed. The people who lived in the neighborhood in the early 20th century have been already over the good old heyday while many "old schools" remained behind at Georgetown. Several people concerned under the United States of America 32nd charges President Franklin Roosevelt Administration with government moved to the neighboring areas, and, during the 1930s when becoming it had begun to go ahead through the high-quality house, neighborhood inhabitants have begun to regain glory past again. In the about 1950s, the crowd of residents came in new postwar period. Because such people who had begun to live newly had the origin of the elite, and there was culture, I held strong interest in life and the figure which were important historically of the people who lived in the neighborhood. Georgetown citizen association was almost formed with this for the same period. When United States 35th charges President John F. Kennedy which lived in Georgetown was picked by the President, the social nature of the local whole area of upper reaches reached the top. When I acted as a Diet member (member of the Upper House) in the 1950s, President Kennedy lived in Georgetown. Meanwhile, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis of the wife hosted the performed society party and many party sponsors who lived in others Georgetown invited a politics elite at a club and the hotel of the center or a place away from the 16th northern street and did it. In addition, President Kennedy held inauguration in a town house of oneself in 3,307N, the street in January, 1961. Thereafter Georgetown established the wealth of the United States of America metropolitan area and the position as the leading center of the dignity.

Present

Many politics, media relations, people leading the financial world live in this area. Current well-known people include the names such as member of the Upper House John Kelly of the Massachusetts election, Benjamin C Bradley of the previous Washington Post editor, the 64th Secretary of State United States of America マデレーン Albright, aide Clinton Administration George ステファノプロス, Representative Montana Max Baucus. Becoming it prospers in former Georgetown, and land development of the supremeness and a high-quality house will revivify the industrial riverbank fish market which declined again. In one of the things to keep an old trace, it is saved as a historic spot, and there is the chimney of the waste incinerator complicated with at Ritz Carlton hotel built newly as of 2003. On the other hand, a demolition is suggested to the white Hearst freeway.

Traffic

A discussion to enlarge a tunnel under the Potomac to penetrate to expansion and the whole area of the iron wire under the ground has been performed, but Washington metro does not go to Georgetown directly now. Three subway ロズリン Station (I cross the key bridge from the Arlington river), フォギー bottom, GWU Station, Du Pont circle Station stations are the nearest station of the thing which is far from the Georgetown center approximately approximately 1 mile. In addition, I operate a subway bus and the circulation bus "DC circulator" to Georgetown. In addition, GUTS (Georgetown University shuttle bus) stops at a university-related place and subway Du Pont circle Station and ロズリン Station from the Lee Vee center in Georgetown University. It is available free if I have an identification of social position such as a student or the staff related to the university. [2]

Allied with the mass culture

 
Exorcist steps are near Georgetown University if they get nervous.

Many movies have been photographed in Georgetown, but it will be a horror film of the production, "an exorcist" until now for 1,973 years to be above all famous. There was the scene that threw the body to all 75 steps of sudden stairs where the actor who played the leading role tied the M street under プロスペクト street and the 36th street to at the climax of the movie. These stairs are named "exorcist steps" (exorcist stairs). For the movie that Georgetown was a stage, there were the masterpiece of the ブラット pack of the production, "Saint Elmo fire" elsewhere in 1984 representing Georgetown University, but part of the movie was photographed in Maryland University College Park school. In addition, subway "Georgetown Station" does not exist like statement above, but it "is cornered" a movie of the production in 1987, and the aerial station appears.

Allied

Reference

It is a source item of the English version which is an origin of translation as follows.

Other reference site

Outside link, reference

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Georgetown (Washington D.C.)

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.