Lake Oswego (Oregon)

Lake Oswego City City of Lake Oswego
Position
Position of lake Oswego City
Coordinate : 45°25'N 10.42 seconds 122°40'W 3.18 seconds / 45.4195611 degrees N 122.6675500 degrees W / 45.4195611, -122.6675500
The history
Domiciliation start A corporation	1847 1910
Administration
Country	The United States of America
State	Oregon
County	クラカマス county Maruto Noma county Washington county
City	Lake Oswego City
The mayor Member of a municipal assembly	Jack Hoffman Roger ヘナギン Kristen Johnson Donna Jordan Surrey mon chestnut F Mary Olson Building tear knee
Population
Population	(as of 2007)
City limits	36,073 people
Population density	1,316.5 /km2 (3,409.7 /mi2)
Others
Equal time obi	Eastern Standard Time (UTC-5)
Daylight saving time	Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4)
An official web site: www.ci.oswego.or.us

The city where most of the city limits belong to the クラカマス county of United States of America Oregon in lake Oswego (British: Lake Oswego). A part of city limits belongs to adjacent Maruto Noma county, the Washington county [¹]. I am located the south of greatest city Portland in the state and surround the Lake Oswego that is Lake private possession with the area of 1.6 km² (405 acres). The population at the time of the national census of 2000 is 35,278 people. The estimated population as of 2006 is 36,350 people [²].

Table of contents

History

Before 18th century

A point lived, but, in the ground known as lake Oswego, クラカマス Indian decreased the tribal population by a disease brought in by people of European explorer, trade now. On the land sandwiched between the Willamette and the トゥアラティン rivers, a house and the farm of the early pioneer slightly lay scattered before I traced the Oregon highway, and many people put it.

19th century

It was propelled by the grant place request method of 1850 and the Homestead Act to follow, and it was still only vacant land in those days, and many people arrived at this ground.

In 1847, a town of Oswego was established by Albert Alonso Durham. It comes from the New York Oswego county that is hometown of Durham with Oswego. Durham built the sawing factory along the soccer creek (existing: Oswego creek), and this became the industrial beginning in Oswego. ^[3]

In 1855, the federal government let the クラカマス Indian whom I remained in emigrate to the ground rondo Indian settlement close to the ヤムヒル county forcibly.

I traced the Willamette, and this time, commerce equal to the early days went up the トゥアラティン river valley from Portland to Oregon City again in the history of Oregon and advanced to トゥアラティン, Sholes, the Hills fault. The land traffic was difficult by the deep forest and ways which got wet in the rain, and became muddy. Along the river in this area, I can see a used anchorage, a connecting line platform, the trace of the covered bridge (bridge with the roof) now in those days. It is thought that the anchorage in the current George Rodger's park was developed for the purpose of wood transportation by Durham in lake Oswego City in about 1850. An anchorage ever existed near the try on creek and the join of the Willamette.

The remains of an ancient structure of the blast furnace of the Oregon iron company constructed in 1866. It is in the George Rodger's park.

It is propelled by iron ore having been discovered in トゥアラティン Valley in 1865, and Oregon iron company establishes it. The first blast furnace was constructed afterwards in the West Coast within two years. This is made after the fashion of a common arch-formed blast furnace in the northwestern part of Connecticut. Oswego iron company and Oregon iron and steel company established it successively, and Oswego was leaving for "western Pittsburgh".

In 1886, Portland and Willamette valley railroad extended, and a railroad was spread in Oswego. A direct flight of 11.3km (7 mi) was operated from Oswego to Portland. I went along the coarse way to the town of Oswego, or, before this, as for going, there was means of the access by ship in a river. A railroad was good, and it had bad arrival for Oswego. Residential land development was promoted along a track in Oswego, and development beyond the width allowed conventional area industry. However, was mined in a Five Lakes area; high-quality iron came to get into the field easily although being cheap, and led to the local industrial decline of Oswego.

As of 1890, Oswego produced 12,305 tons of pig iron, and the employment population of the industry rose to approximately 300 people in a heyday. This success became the stimulation of the development of Oswego and added it to four general stores, one bank, two barber's, two hotels, three churches, nine bars, one drugstore at the same time at a point and existed to one opera house.

The iron industry was the most important part of the strategy that several investors of Portland who schemed the rule of all venture companies in the allied industry of the end of 19th century designed. Oregon steam navigation company (Oregon rail way and navigation company in the back) controlled the administration of a ship and the railroad. The local monopolistic enterprise played an important role in response to demand for steel which increased in an area in a history of the local economy.

20th century

When the Oregon iron and steel company was the 20th century, I started land development and sold land of 97 km² (24,000 acres) which I held and built the factory along Oswego creek in 1905, and electricity came to be supplied to the inhabitants of Oswego several years later by putting up an electric light pole again. When the water demand for refinery is settled, possibility to the recreation of a lake and the town is found and will accomplish rapid growth [³].

It was become a corporation, and, in 1910, the local government of Oswego established it.

I enlarged it, and, as for the Southern Pacific railroad which purchased the Portland and Willamette valley railroad at the end of 19th century, a high-speed, comfortable train service came to be operated in a thing through the electricity between the gauge of the rail between Oswego and Portland in 1914 from a thing of the narrow width to a standard thing.

The passenger transportation greeted the heyday in 1920, and 64 flights a day came and went between Portland. However, the passenger service was finished nine years later, and the line came to be used for carriage of goods to south waterfront of Portland, but reached the abolition in 1984. The track is stored and Willamette shore trolley runs in the line now and gathers tourists afterwards.

The one of the person of land development that enjoyed the benefit of the sales of the Oregon iron and steel company has Paul Murphy. "The Oswego lake country club" which Murphy owned made a help to develop the Oswego city which I just established as the place where "I lived in while playing". Murphy participated in the business that let the western part of the city supply a water supply system for the first time and participated in promotion business of the mansion design from 1930s through 1940s again and let Oswego change into "the attractive town where I wanted to live" in. The development of Oswego continues from 1940s through 1950s and wants to see the expansion of the further residential area [³].

In 1960, Oswego merged an adjacent lake glove and changed my name to lake Oswego [³].

Geography

Oswego lake

According to United States of America Bureau of the Census, as for the total area of lake Oswego City, land, 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) equal to 5.57% are the surfaces of the water 26.8 km² (10.4 mi²) of those in 28.4 km² (10.9 mi²).

Oswego lake is the lake which expanded the nature lake which I have ever referred to a moth (Waluga, wild swan) having bad クラカマス Indian in a private possession lake [⁴] which lake Oswego corporation manages artificially [⁵]. Houses and the price that can overlook a lake of lakeside real estate soar, and popularity is very high. The lake top is available for the navigation of the ship and I go ashore from the dock of the east side and can walk to within easy reach of. The important irrigation canal attracted by トゥアラディン was excavated in the early 20th century.

Once in 5-10 years, the water level of the Oswego lake falls. This is because the water of the Oswego lake flows through the Willamette via Oswego creek by the water gate of the dam opening, but the opportunity when the owner of the lakeside land repairs a dock and a boathouse is in this way got. In late years a drop of the water level was carried out in October, 2006. ^[6]

The city limits of lake Oswego extend to トゥアラティン through a lake glove again to the Silva near mountain.

Population dynamics

Lake Oswego is the suburbs of eminent Portland city where the upper-income group lives in. The mean family incomes of 2000 of lake Oswego greatly increased from 57,499 U.S. dollars of 1990 for 71,597 U.S. dollars. The house price rose suddenly to be seen in the Portland urban area widely, and the mean house price of the city which was 142,600 U.S. dollars in 1990 became 296,200 U.S. dollars in 2000 and swelled than double in ten years. Oregon outstanding high-priced real estate is seen in the city, but this tendency is remarkable in the area around the lake in particular. One house average price including land estimated in 2007 was along 750,000 U.S. dollars, a lake, and it went up it from the lake to 1,000,250 U.S. dollars at a remote place. These prices become highest in the city of Oregon.

It is the population statistics data by the national census [⁷] of 2000 as follows.

• Population: 35,278 people
• The number of the households: 14,769 households
• The number of the families: 9,665 families
• Population density: 3,409.7 /km² (8,831 /mi²)
• The number of the houses: 15,741 houses
• House density: 587.2 /km² (1,521.4 /mi²)

Population composition according to the race

• White: 91.1%
• An African is American: 0.6%
• A native is American: 0.3%
• Asian: 4.6%
• Pacific Islands system: 0.2%
• Other races: 0.7%
• Mixed blood: 2.5%
• Hispanic Latin system: 2.3%

Age-specific population composition

• Under 18 years old: 24.8%
• 18-24 years old: 6.1%
• 25-44 years old: 26.8%
• 45-64 years old: 31.0%
• 65 years old or older: 11.4%
• Median age: 41 years old
• Sex ratio (population of the man per 100 women)
  • Total population: 92.9
  • 18 years old or older: 88.2

A household and family (the number of the households)

• There is a child younger than 18 years: 32.0%
• Marriage, the couple who lives together: 56.2%
• A single divorce, bereavement woman is family nurturer: 6.9%
• A nonfamily household: 34.6%
• It is a household alone: 27.9%
• An old man alone living 65 years or older: 7.9%
• The mean constitution number of people
  • A household: 2.38 people
  • A family: 2.95 people

Income

An income and the family budget

• Median income
  • A household: 71,597The U.S. dollar
  • A family: 94,587 U.S. dollars
  • Sex
    • A man: 66,380 U.S. dollars
    • A woman: 41,038 U.S. dollars
• An income per a population of one: 42,166 U.S. dollars
• Lower than poverty line
  • Anti-population: 3.4%
  • The number of the anti-families: 2.3%
  • Under 18 years old: 2.0%
  • 65 years old or older: 4.0%

Administrative

I adopt the assembly form of the city assembly - manager system and give a policy decision right to the municipal assembly of the picked volunteer. The assembly consists of one mayor and six members of a municipal assembly, and all the members are chosen by election and are four years in the term of office.

The daily government affairs are carried out by Manager of elected specialized city. Most of the regular staff, part-time service staffs of the city are under the control of the Manager of city. The chief constable, Manager of fire station, aide Manager of city, the community development supervision are included in this staff, too. The big groups are as follows.

• I am composed of approximately 50 people police station, fire department - each.
• I am composed of library, park, 70 people in each bureau - of the recreation.
• I am composed of industry, plan, each bureau - 80 people of the maintenance in total.

Participation in civic political activity

Each district association takes an official role on civic participation in activity such as the land utility plans of the municipal assembly. The role of the district association is prescribed by a state law and a city law. As of February, 2005 in lake Oswego City with the district association of next 20: Blue Hero, Bryant, country club = north shore ¤, evergreen, ファーストアディション, Forest high orchids, Glenn Mollie, tension naan, Holly orchard, lake Forest, a lake glove, lake Wood ¤, McVeigh = rhinoceroses shore ¤, an oak creek, Old Town, Paris say ¤, a rosewood, up orchids, a bad moth, a waist ridge. (the association with the seal of ¤ includes lakeside land.)

Be sandwiched in between oak creek district and the Holly orchard district and the Mountain Park district located in the west of a Forest high orchids district and the up orchids district is a house owner association and plays a role as the field inhabitants ための district association.

The statistics about the participation in civic political activity are as follows.

• A registration voter: 23,061
• An advisor to citizen engine: 10
• A local supporter: 500+
• The citizen who was trained as local emergency services: 487

Public school building

In the school in lake Oswego, large-scale reconstruction was carried out in the early 2000s. Lake Oswego Senior High School was completely rebuilt and founded a theater with 500 seats and the cafeteria which had an arch-formed ceiling, and education was reopened in 2005.

There are nine elementary schools, two junior high schools, two high schools in the lake Oswego public school district, and 305 teachers are engaged in instruction in total, and 7,163 students learn. The mean number of students per teacher is 23 people. In addition, the local Catholic Church performs K-8 education (before attendance at school education to the eighth grade).

Culture facilities, recreation facilities

A park of 2.3 km² (573 acres) and public space are managed in total by a city. This includes 24 parks, amphitheater, Minakami Park, water sports center along the Willamette, old man center, public golf course with the self-fund, indoor tennis center, seven outdoors tennis courts, five rest stations. In addition, there is water park open to people living in an old lake glove public school district. In addition, there are Oswego lake country club and a horseback riding club in the private facilities.

Sister city

The lake Oswego city has one sister city.

• SaitamaYoshikawa-shi（Japan）^[8]

Source

1. ^ http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/engineer/maps/LO_CompPlan.pdf
2. ^ PSU:Population Research Center
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "A Brief History". City of Lake Oswego website. December 11, 2006 reading.
4. ^ Lake Oswego Corporation
5. ^ http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/Plan/Comp%20Plan/Goal%205_7.pdf
6. ^ Tims, Dana (October 31, 2006). "Drawdown under way to lower Oswego Lake". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/metrosouthwest/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/metro_southwest_news/1162263325300760.xml&coll=7 December 11, 2006 reading. 
7. ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau, http://factfinder.census.gov January 31, 2008 reading. 
8. ^ "Community: History and Culture". City of Lake Oswego website. December 11, 2006 reading.

Outside link

Wiki media Commons has a category in conjunction with lake Oswego (Oregon).

• City of Lake Oswego
• Historic photos of Lake Oswego from the City of Lake Oswego
• Oregon Blue Book entry for Lake Oswego

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= lake Oswego _ (Oregon) &oldid=59851189"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Lake Oswego (Oregon)

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

ラベット county (Kansas)

Kansas ラベット county
Position in Kansas of the county
Position in the United States of America of the state
The establishment	February 26, 1867
County seat	オスウェゴ
Area  - Total area  - The land  - Water	1,692 km2 (653.30 mi2) 1,680 km2 (648.82 mi2) 12 km2 (4.48 mi2), 0.69%
Population  - (2010)  - Density	21,607 people 14 /km2 (35 /mi2)
Standard time	Central time: -6/-5
Website	labettecounty.com

ラベット county (British: Labette County) is a county located in the southeastern part of United States of America Kansas. It was 21,607 people, and the population in the 2010 national census decreased from 22,835 people of 2000 by 5.4% [¹]. County seat is [³], the county that are オスウェゴ city (a population of 1,829 people ^[2]), and a city of the population maximum is Parsons city (a population of 10,500 people ^[4]). The ラベット county composes the Parsons tn. zone of the whole.

Table of contents

History

I opened an inn, and, for 1871 through 1873, family called vendors of the bloodshed killed at least 12 travelers including child alone vendors later. Vendors have tragedy and a talk to let you shiver, but are famous in the hometown.

Law and government

The ラベット county forbids alcohol;, in other words, was a county of "dry", but Kansas constitution was revised in 1986, and the inhabitants approved the sale of the alcoholic drinks which an individual enjoyed by a vote of 1996. But there were not the food volume restrictions.

Geography

If depend on the United States of America Bureau of the Census, the county area entire surface product is 653.30 square mile (1,692.0 km²);, of these, in the land, in the 648.82 square mile (1,680.4 km²), the area of the sea, area of the sea rate is 0.69% at 4.48 square mile (11.6 km²) [⁵].

Adjacent county

• The Neosho county - north
• The Crawford county - northeast
• The Cherokee county - east
• Craig county (Oklahoma) - The south
• ノワタ county - southwest
• The Montgomery county - west

Population dynamics

Year	Population		%±
1900	27,387		—
1910	31,423		14.7%
1920	34,047		8.4%
1930	31,346		−7.9%
1940	30,352		−3.2%
1950	29,285		−3.5%
1960	26,805		−8.5%
1970	25,775		−3.8%
1980	25,682		−0.4%
1990	23,693		−7.7%
2000	22,169		−6.4%
2010	21,607		−2.5%
U.S. Decennial Census

Population pyramid

It is the population statistics data by the national census of 2000 as follows.

Basic data Population: 22,835 people The number of the households: 9,194 households The number of the families: 6,114 families Population density: 14 /km2 (35 /mi2) The number of the houses: 10,306 houses House density: Six /km2 (16 /mi2) Population composition according to the race White: 89.28% An African is American: 4.66% A native is American: 1.95% Asian: 0.32% Pacific Islands system: 0.01% Other races: 1.20% Mixed blood: 2.58% Hispanic Latin system: 3.07% Age-specific population composition Under 18 years old: 25.7% 18-24 years old: 8.7% 25-44 years old: 25.8% 45-64 years old: 22.5% 65 years old or older: 17.3% Median age: 38 years old Sex ratio (population of the man per 100 women) Total population: 95.7 18 years old or older: 92.0

A household and family (the number of the households) There is a child younger than 18 years: 31.2% Marriage, the couple who lives together: 52.1% A single divorce, bereavement woman is family nurturer: 10.2% A nonfamily household: 33.5% It is a household alone: 29.8% An old man alone living 65 years or older: 14.3% The mean constitution number of people A household: 2.39 people A family: 2.95 people Income An income and the family budget Median income A household: 30,875The U.S. dollar A family: 37,519 U.S. dollars Sex A man: 29,043 U.S. dollars A woman: 21,706 U.S. dollars An income per a population of one: 15,525 U.S. dollars Lower than poverty line Anti-population: 12.7% The number of the anti-families: 8.9% Under 18 years old: 14.7% 65 years old or older: 11.9%

City and town

The city that was made a corporation

The number after the city name indicating the population in the 2010 national census [⁶].

• Parsons, 10,500
• オスウェゴ, 1,829 - county seat
• チェトパ, 1,125
• アルタモント, 1,080
• Edna, 442
• Mound valley, 407
• Bartlett, 80
• ラベット, 78

Other town

• Angola
• Dennis
• Montana
• Strauss
• バレダ

Township

The ラベット county is divided into 16 tp. Consider チェトパ city, オスウェゴ city, the Parsons city "to be independent politically" and is excluded from a number of following tp. If it is the most big city and is not a particularly big number, "the population center" is included in the population of the township in a list shown below.

Township	FIPS cord	The population center	Population	Population density /km2 (/sq mi)	Land area km2 (sq mi)	Area of the sea km2 (sq mi)	Area of the sea rate (%)	Coordinate
Canada	10325		217	2 (5)	103 (40)	0 (0)	0.22%	37°6'18" N 95°27'4" W / 37.10500 degrees N 95.45111 degrees W / 37.10500, -95.45111
Elm glove	20750		798	6 (16)	130 (50)	0 (0)	0.17%	37°3'22" N 95°20'12" W / 37.05611 degrees N 95.33667 degrees W / 37.05611, -95.33667
Fair view	22550		239	3 (7)	94 (36)	0 (0)	0.11%	37°10'9" N 95°12'6" W / 37.16917 degrees N 95.20167 degrees W / 37.16917, -95.20167
Hack berry	29350		403	3 (8)	131 (51)	0 (0)	0.15%	37°3'30" N 95°12'44" W / 37.05833 degrees N 95.21222 degrees W / 37.05833, -95.21222
Howard	33300		357	3 (8)	111 (43)	0 (0)	0.13%	37°2'23" N 95°27'33" W / 37.03972 degrees N 95.45917 degrees W / 37.03972, -95.45917
ラベット	37400		373	4 (10)	94 (36)	0 (0)	0.18%	37°15'43" N 95°18'54" W / 37.26194 degrees N 95.31500 degrees W / 37.26194, -95.31500
Liberty	40175		395	4 (11)	95 (37)	0 (0)	0.11%	37°15'47" N 95°11'45" W / 37.26306 degrees N 95.19583 degrees W / 37.26306, -95.19583
Montana	47850		179	3 (7)	71 (27)	1 (1)	1.90%	37°15'28" N 95°7'34" W / 37.25778 degrees N 95.12611 degrees W / 37.25778, -95.12611
Mound valley	48850		806	5 (13)	166 (64)	0 (0)	0.11%	37°12'30" N 95°25'40" W / 37.20833 degrees N 95.42778 degrees W / 37.20833, -95.42778
Mount Pleasant	48950		1,351	14 (37)	93 (36)	0 (0)	0.34%	37°10'50" N 95°18'14" W / 37.18056 degrees N 95.30389 degrees W / 37.18056, -95.30389
Neosho	49775		222	3 (8)	70 (27)	2 (1)	2.40%	37°20'11" N 95°6'37" W / 37.33639 degrees N 95.11028 degrees W / 37.33639, -95.11028
North	50975		612	7 (19)	83 (32)	0 (0)	0.16%	37°19'39" N 95°12'40" W / 37.32750 degrees N 95.21111 degrees W / 37.32750, -95.21111
Osage	53150		703	4 (12)	157 (61)	5 (2)	2.93%	37°20'4" N 95°26'18" W / 37.33444 degrees N 95.43833 degrees W / 37.33444, -95.43833
オスウェゴ	53475		310	5 (12)	66 (25)	1 (0)	1.73%	37°9'21" N 95°6'22" W / 37.15583 degrees N 95.10611 degrees W / 37.15583, -95.10611
Richland	59425		303	3 (8)	97 (38)	0 (0)	0.43%	37°3'29" N 95°6'19" W / 37.05806 degrees N 95.10528 degrees W / 37.05806, -95.10528
Walton	75250		726	9 (23)	83 (32)	0 (0)	0.16%	37°20'59" N 95°19'2" W / 37.34972 degrees N 95.31722 degrees W / 37.34972, -95.31722
Sources: "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files". U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division. April 1, 2012 reading.

Education

United education school district

• Cherokee USD 247 (Web site), area 300 square mile (^[7] that it is an education school district covering 777 km² and has jurisdiction over Crawford county and a Cherokee county mainly, but the small portion of of ラベット county and the Neosho county enters.
• Parsons USD 503 (Web site)
• オスウェゴ USD 504 (Web site)
• チェトパ Saint Paul USD 505 (Web site)
• ラベット county USD 506 (Web site)

Footnote

1. ^ Quickfacts.census.gov - Labette County - accessed 2011-12-06.
2. ^ American FactFinder - Oswego, Kansas - accessed 2011-12-06.
3. ^ Find a County, National Association of Counties, http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx June 7, 2011 reading. 
4. ^ Quickfacts.census.gov - Parsons, Kansas - accessed 2011-12-06.
5. ^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties." United States Census. February 13, 2011 reading.
6. ^ American FactFinder - Kansas - accessed 2011-12-06.
7. ^ Burns, Tim (September 19, 2005). "Welcome To USD #247". Cherokee, USD 247. January 23, 2007 reading.

References

Labette County

• History of Labette County, Kansas, and Representative Citizens; Nelson Case; Biographical Publishing Company; 846 pages, 1901. (Download 50MB PDF eBook)

Kansas

• History of the State of Kansas; William G. Cutler; A.T. Andreas Publisher; 1883. (Online HTML eBook)
• Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc; 3 Volumes; Frank W. Blackmar; Standard Publishing Co, 944 / 955 / 824 pages, 1912. (Volume1 - Download 54MB PDF eBook),(Volume2 - Download 53MB PDF eBook) (Volume3 - Download 33MB PDF eBook)

Outside link

Wiki media Commons has the category in conjunction with the ラベット county (Kansas).

Official sites

• Labette County - official site

Additional information

• Blue Skyways
• Kansas Statistical Abstract
• Labette County GenWeb
• Labette County History and Heritage Project, Genealogy

Maps

• Labette County Map, KDOT
• Kansas Highway Map, KDOT
• Kansas Railroad Map, KDOT
• Kansas School District Boundary Map, KSDE

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ラベット county _ (Kansas) &oldid=47049352"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia ラベット county (Kansas)

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

Black hawk war

In this item, I explain Indian war of 1832. Please see "[[Illinois (album)]]" about the song of スフィアン Stevens of 2005 in "" [[black hawk war (from 1865 to 1872) (English version)]] about the Indian war from 1865 through 1872.

Black hawk war Black Hawk War
マカタイメシェキアキアク (black hawk (English version)) chief
Time 1832May 14 - August 2 Place Illinois and Michigan associate state Result Victory of U.S. forces
The power that collided
U.S. forces An alliance Indian: Ho chunk group, Menomini, Potawatomi	The "British band" Sauk of the black hawk, a Fox group and kickapoo
Commander
Henry Atkinson Henry dodging Adam W Schneider イザイア steal man Samuel white side, etc.	I am not
Force
2,000 militiamen 1,500 regular soldiers Is it a volunteer? 300+ alliance Indian	500 soldiers 1,000 tribeswomen
Toll
Death in battle: At least 60 (including the noncombatant)	450 people - 600 people

The United States of America takes their territory away from the Indian tribe in northwestern United States of America in 1832 and is colony and the North America colony war that I woke up to do it, and black hawk war (going British :Black Hawk War which a black hawk does not do) is Indian war (ethnic cleansing).

Table of contents

Summary

The Sauk who was robbed of territory by the United States revolted against this. Their resistance war arose sympathy from Sauk in accord with the same circumstances, a Fox group and the kickapoo and caused a fight in each place. Because a black hawk (English version) chief stood as a brunt of questions of tribal negotiations of oneself, I am called "black hawk war".

The U.S. forces concerned with oppression of the Indian resistance power were militiamen of the Illinois and Michigan associate state (today's Wisconsin). The name was on with the war, but it was the ethnic cleansing for the Indian who a lot of battles between two and a half months were repetition of the skirmishes, and was finally a convention of the Indian war.

Background

Both Britain and France sent most of native Indians out of the independence past of the United States to the west of the Mississippi. Fox family was the Indian tribe where a territory was driven to by military power with Sauk, too.

After Fox War (English version), the Sauk thrown out of Five Lakes and around Detroit and Fox group moved out of necessity west, and Illinois river made a village again to the north of the Missouri, and, in the north, the south did this with a territory from the Wisconsin. Central village "ソークヌク" of the Sauk has been already made at the mid-18th century. The black hawk chief was born there in 1767 and spent most of the lives [¹].

 

Territory (yellow part) which Indiana associate state "bought" from an Indian in "St. Louis treaty" of 1804

In the United States of America, the settlement along the eastern coast was important, and, after independence, there was the settlement to the Five Lakes west only slowly. A treaty negotiated with chiefs of the soak & Fox group in St. Louis to increase the territories, and, in 1804, governor William Harrison of the Indiana associate state obtained east land of the Mississippi by transfer on a 2,234.50 dollar a year considerable "present" and a condition to do a 1,000 dollars considerable "present" every year [²]. This St. Louis treaty with the soak & Fox group was included in the article which promoted a friendly relationship and harmony, and the guarantee of trade and the protection was declared, too [²]. I decided to be allowed to stay there until surveying of the land was over to an Indian, and here was sold to the United States of America Government formally [²].

However, it is doubtful whether they understood this in expectations street on the white side because there was not the culture "to perform selling buying of land" to an Indian. In other words, this is "to have come that a white gives a present and concludes peace" according to an Indian and because "I gave a present, according to a white, leave forever" and is.

Then 20 years passed peacefully. It was 1828, and the United States began to survey this ground, and Indian agent Thomas Forsyth had the dispute that "black hawk war" and a white called in what I required to Indians saying "I want you to move out forever from this ground". The Indian was surprised at this demand of the sudden surprise and flew into a rage [²]. It was a debate about the land, and the ultimate factor of the dispute was caused by St. Louis treaty of 1804.

Both misunderstanding

However, the cause of the very beginning dispute was to have misunderstood it when a white was "a leader" in black hawk chiefs. Whites thought that the Sauk would follow the Fox group to be able to fall silent if they concluded a black hawk and a treaty. However, the whole tribe is not restricted at all by the policy even if the society of the Indian is a representative system basically, and the black hawk undertook the part of negotiations with the white as an arbitrator of the consultation that is a chief (chief), and a bridgebuilder performed 交渉事 with a white. For an Indian, it is because it is only a black hawk and a personal decision of white to the last.

As a matter of course, this demand of white disputed it in a black hawk and a tribe. It intended to get the consent of all tribes by the white mistaking a black hawk for "a great leader", and having tied up a treaty to him, and there is me, and this is because there was not any consultation in a tribal general meeting as described above. In addition, a person on behalf of a tribe did not have authority to sell land to [¹]. There is not it in というよりも, the Indian society including "a person on behalf of a tribe" from a beginning.

Black hawk and soak & Fox family were allied with British troops, and he did a signature (he only writes x), but, after (U.S. and British war) in conflict with U.S. forces, he protested "a treaty in May, 1816" that reconfirmed in "a 1804 treaty" as for the black hawk in it later saying "I did not know it". Because the black hawk was not "a representative" with "a thing entrusted with tribal full power" which was a chief to the last (arbitrator) either, the responsibility that I was going to have white him carry was unreasonable at all. While a black hawk left the front of the U.S. and British war, ケオクク of the Sauk distinguished himself/herself, and the relations of these two people became the antagonism [¹].

 

Portrait (George Catlin image) of ケオクク

The settlement white population of Illinois swelled after U.S. and British war at one sweep and went over 50,000 people in 1820 and reached 150,000 in 1830. In 1825, 13 Sauk and six Fox groups signed the new written consent which reconfirmed a treaty in 1804. I understood that whites got tribal official recognition by this "signature" and, in 1828, gave notice of Thomas Forsyth that was a communication window of the United States of America government to evacuate the village from the Mississippi and to the east to Indians [¹].

The United States did a big misunderstanding here. Even if 13 Sauk and six Fox groups made a signature (they only write X mark) in written consent, for an Indian, it is only an agreement of the individual interval where tribe and what of them have nothing to do.

On July 15, 1830, United States of America Indian charge director William Clark performed a soak & Fox group and new treaty signing in the Crawford fort of the Wisconsin prairie do scene [³].

This treaty "let the United States of America Government transfer land of the Sauk of 107,000 ㎢". In this treaty, I established "the neutral zone" between the Sioux who was the traditional enemy of Sauk and Fox group and them and prevented the fight between the tribes which would be antagonistic in future from having it.

ケオクク performed a signature (I only write x) in this treaty, and it was approved in November, 1830 by Dakota Sioux. ^[4]　Of course the agreement signature of ケオクク is unrelated to the agreement of all the tribeswomen. For the Indian who respected culture "to share all" now, I was not able to understand this withdrawal order of white at all.

People concerned with a battle

United States of America

On April 16, 1832, Illinois Governor terminated a volunteer five regiment in the base-up town and gave off declaration to leave for the north to send a school of the black hawks Sauk which did not obey "an order" out of Illinois. As a result, a one-third of the U.S. Army would affect it, but 9,000 Illinois militiamen were the main members of U.S. forces. ^[5]It became the's first battle of "the black hawk war" that the small battalion of the Illinois militiaman started the chase of the black hawk from the set point of the armed forces in the Locke River of the Dixon on May 9 [⁶].

After the first battle, some small skirmishes and "slaughter" continued. After these skirmishes, the governor drafted the posse of 4,000 people more. ^[7]The draft period of the militiaman whom I gathered for a month was over first, and, on May 27 and 28th, it was discharge from military service. ^[6]The federal government let 1,000 regular soldiers of Winfield General Scot and 300 mounting a horse volunteers join a strategy. ^[6]When it seemed that the role of commander Atkinson of this strategy was over soon, cholera attacked the U.S. forces. The armed forces of Winfield Scot submitted it to Illinois from the eastern part.

General Scot gathered approximately 1,000 U.S. forces regular soldiers. ^[8]I went to Chicago on a ship from New York buffalo. There is the record that there was formerly in the armed forces of cholera. ^[9][⁸] the expedition was destined to be bad. A disease occurred, and many people died. Disease-causing germs were left at the place where a soldier struck, and the soldier escaped. ^[9]

Treatment to prevent that infection spread out to the people of the town which a visitor passed was adopted and three citizens only died in the place where the first patient appeared and were kept. ^[8]However, the cholera infection of the large scale happened in the United States in 1833. It was thought that the root dated back to the Scot expedition. ^[10]When a visitor went ashore in Chicago, the soldier who could fight did not reach 200 people. ^[9]Scot felt the need to cancel a strategy toward the battlefield. On the other hand, I waited for reinforcements and supplies and decided to take care of the soldier having a disease. Scot was behind with the arrival to the battlefield, but played an important role in the making of draft of peaceful negotiations. ^[11]

British band

It was the group which a white called "a British band" that there was a black hawk chief, and they were approximately 500 soldiers and 1,000 old men, women, children when they crossed the Mississippi on April 5. ^[12][¹³] Sauk, a Fox group and kickapoo joined this. They went over the Mississippi in junction neighborhood with the Iowa River and performed it successively along a northeast lock river. I passed the ruins of ソークヌク and went to the village which there was of spell teacher ワボキエシエク (white cloud) of the Sauk & Ho chunk group (ウィンネバーゴ group). ^[13]

Trigger

The village of ソークヌク was included in the land made cession in a treaty, too, but the black hawk chief decided it without accepting sale of the land to remain in this village. ^[1][²], in spite of ケオクク and the opposite of American authorities, the group of the black hawk returned to ソークヌク after winter hunting of 1830. ^[1]Because the black hawks returned to ソークヌク again in 1831 after one-year strain was in a state, governor John Reynolds of Illinois declared it with "the invasion of the country" [¹]. As for black hawk chiefs, the demand of white was not able to understand it.

In response to a request of the Governor of Reynolds, Edmund pen Dell ton Gaines's general arrived at ソークヌク with the armed forces from St. Louis and required withdrawal to a black hawk immediately. ^[1]　The black hawk chief who was an arbitrator refused this once, but I avoided bloodshed case and came back to the west of the Mississippi because 1,400 militiamen whom Reynolds summoned on June 25 increased, and a threat was hung. ^[1]I was made to promise that I remained in the west of the Mississippi without a black hawk and chiefs of the British band being made to sign written consent of the surrender by force on June 30, and coming back to the hometown [¹].

 

ワボキエシエク (white cloud) called "a prophet of ウィンネバーゴ"

On April 5, 1832, black hawk and others were opposed to ケオクク, and 1,000 black hawk and others "British bands" returned to Illinois. ^[1]ワボキエシエク of the Ho chunk group (ウィインネバーゴ group) promised the support of the Ho chunk group for a black hawk, and it was said that I would be concerned with an outbreak of the war, but ワボキエシエク really only protected one's tribe [¹⁴]. In addition, it was connected for the return to their hometown that knee Pope chief of the Sauk conveyed the U.K. and other tribes of Illinois to (actually, there was not it) and a black hawk with the preparation for support of black hawk and others. ^[14]

The Henry Atkinson honor brigadier general was given a duty of the war accomplishment. ^[15]The authorities of the federal government gave a black hawk and the group an order for withdrawal to the west of the Mississippi with the chief of Sauk and the Fox group, but the black hawks refused and did not leave there. ^[12]An Indian tribe and British troops of Illinois and Michigan where the black hawk discussed it with a Ho chunk group and Potawatomi soon, and knee Pope said to knew that there was not intention to help black hawks afterwards. ^[12]

When Illinois militiaman did the decision that a black hawk and a British band returned to Iowa on May 10, I heard it and baked the village of the prophet. A later "steal men orchid" case disturbed returning home, and black hawk war began. .^[12]

I it in progress of the war

Fight of the steal men orchid

ブラック・ホーク戦争の最初の衝突は1832年5月14日に起こり、ブラック・ホークのバンドの予想外の勝利に終わった。^[16]民兵隊は馬に乗って、その後を何台かの荷車が追っており、骨の折れる行軍の後で現在のスティルマン・バレー近くキシュウォーキー川の北でブラック・ホークのバンドと接触した。民兵がブラック・ホークのバンドの3人の斥候の1人を殺した時、ソーク族の酋長が40名の騎馬戦士とともに黄昏の民兵宿営地を襲った。^[16]民兵の数は275名以上いたが、結束は直ぐに壊れて、35マイル (56 km)程離れたディクソンズ・フェリーまで逃亡した。^[17]この襲撃の時に、イザイア・スティルマン指揮下の11名の民兵が戦死した。^[18]

スティルマン・バレーでの最初の衝突の直ぐ後で、2,000名の「血に飢えた戦士が北部イリノイを席捲して破壊をほしいままにしている」という情報操作された一報が、一帯の白人を恐怖させた。^[6] ブラック・ホークは、最初の小競り合いの後、部隊の中にいた非戦闘員の多くをミシガン準州に連れて行った。^[6]5月19日、民兵隊はロック川沿いの道を辿り、ブラック・ホークのバンドを捜索した。^[6]翌月に北部イリノイと南部ウィスコンシンで幾つかの小さな小競り合いや虐殺が起こり、民兵隊はブラッディ・レイクとワダムズ・グラブの戦いでやっと自信を取り戻した。^[19]

バッファロー・グラブの急襲

5月19日、ジェイムズ・M・ストロード大佐の放った6名の特殊任務部隊がガレナに向かう途中で、オグル郡のバッファロー・グラブ開拓地（現在は廃棄）近くでインディアンの1隊に待ち伏せされた。^[20]この時の犠牲者は1人だけだった。この兵士はウィリアム・ダーリーといって、彼の倒れた場所にフェリクス・セント・ブレインによって埋葬された。^[21][22][23]他に二人が衣服の備品に銃弾を受けたが傷は負わなかった。^[20]1910年にイリノイ州ポロのポロ歴史協会がダーリーの記念碑を建てた。この時、ダーリーの遺骸も記念碑の下に移葬された。^[24]

インディアン・クリークの虐殺

ブラック・ホーク戦争の中で最も有名で、公にも宣伝された出来事はブラック・ホークとそのブリティッシュ・バンドには直接結びつかない周辺的なものであった。^[25]イリノイ州インディアン・クリークの近くの水源をめぐり、白人入植者と争いとなり、ポタワトミ族の若き戦士キーワシーたち戦士団が、クリークの堤にあったウィリアム・デイビスの開拓地を襲った。^[26]攻撃の結果は残酷な殺人となり、ほとんど武器を持たない15名の男、女、子供が殺された。デイビスは戦士の1人を殺した後、自分も殺されたという。^[26]さらに2人の10代の少女が拐われたが、ほぼ2週間後に受け戻された。^[27]この出来事は白人の間に恐慌を引き起こし、多くの入植者が安全を求めて近くの砦に逃げ込んだ。一方イリノイ州の民兵隊はこのことをイリノイやケンタッキー州での新兵募集に利用した。^[28][25]今日、虐殺の現場には石碑が立っている。^[26]

セント・ブレインの虐殺

セント・ブレインの虐殺は、5月24日に、ケロッグス・グラブの今日のパール・シティ近くで起こった。この虐殺はブラック・ホークのバンドの戦士とは別の、ホーチャンク族の戦士が実行した可能性がある。^[23]ホーチャンク族の許可を得ていた可能性は少ない。^[23]この虐殺でアメリカ合衆国インディアン管理官フェリクス・セント・ブレインとその仲間3名が殺された。セント・ブレインの体はバラバラにされていたという証言があり、生きたままで切断されたと主張するものもある。^[21][29]

この事件は白人たちに、一帯のすべてのインディアンに対する謂れの無い恐怖を呼び起こし、それは白人入植者に友好的だった部族にも向けられた。^[23]その一つの例は5月30日に発行された「ニュー・ガレニアン」紙の記事に現れた。この記事は、虐殺の経緯に触れ、セント・ブレインとその仲間の殺人はソーク族やフォックス族のケオククの戦士団に関連付けられていた。^[30]

ブルーマウンズ砦

今日のウィスコンシン州デーン郡ブルーマウンズ村の近くにあったブルーマウンズ砦は戦闘や小競り合いが行われた場所ではないが、6月6日から20日にかけて、砦の近くで戦争に関わる出来事があった。^[31][32]最初の出来事は1人の鉱山士が殺されたことであり、地域住民はホーチャンク族の戦士がやったのではないかと疑った。このことは、ホーチャンク族の中から他にもブラック・ホークのバンドに加わって、ミシガン準州やイリノイの白人入植者を脅かすのではないかという怖れを増幅させた。^[33]2番目の出来事は、目撃者の証言によれば、100名程の戦士による砦への本格的な攻撃であった。^[33]この攻撃で砦を守備していた民兵のうち2名が殺された。1名は遺体が見つかった時バラバラにされており、「一部」は見つからなかった。^[33][34]

スパッフォード農園の虐殺

スパッフォード農園の虐殺（またはウェインの虐殺）は今日のウィスコンシン州サウスウェインの近くで6月14日に起こった。オムリ・スパッフォードの農園で働いていた7名をインディアンの1隊が襲い、スパッフォードを含め5名が殺された。^[35]2人は逃げ延び、そのうちの1人はハミルトン砦に逃げ込む前に1人の襲撃者を殺した。^[35]もう一人は数日間森の中に隠れて過ごした。というのも、ほぼ同じ頃に到着した友好的なメノミニー族に砦が奪取されたと思い込んでいたからである。^[36]

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦い

ホースシュー・ベンドの戦いは、スパッフォード農園の虐殺から2日後の6月16日、今日のウィスコンシン州ウッドフォードの近くでホースシュー・ベンドと呼ばれるペカトニカ川の流れが変わってできた池の傍で起こった。民兵隊が20名ほどのインディアン戦士団を見つけて追跡し、全滅させた。この戦いはブラック・ホーク戦争でのアメリカ軍の初めての勝利となった。

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い

ワッダムズ・グラブの戦い（またはイエロー・クリークの戦い）は6月18日に、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡のイエロー・クリークの近くで起こった。^[33][37][38]戦闘は銃剣やナイフを使った流血戦となった。ソーク族の者6名と、ジェイムズ・ステファンソンの部下の民兵3名が戦死した。ステファンソンもマスケット銃の弾を胸に受けて重傷を負った。^[39][33][37]この戦闘の結果はスティルマンズ・ランの敗北で恐怖の残っていた地域住民の間で、民兵に対する信頼を取り戻すことに貢献した。戦死した民兵の遺体はケロッグズ・グラブの記念墓地に埋葬された。^[38]

アップル川砦の戦い

アップル川砦の戦いは、6月24日に、今日のイリノイ州エリザベスの近く、急ごしらえのアップル川砦で始まった。ブラック・ホークたちおよそ150名から200名のソーク族とフォックス族の戦士が、25名の民兵守備隊が守る砦を襲った。クラック・ストーン大尉が指揮する民兵は、砦の守備隊の多くが外に出ていたので手が足りなかった。双方が激しく銃撃を交わして戦いは少なくとも45分間続いた。砦の中には近郷の開拓者が逃れてきていた。一人の女性、エリザベス・アームストロングが戦闘のあとでその勇敢さを表彰された。アームストロングは砦の中の女性を集めて銃弾を補給し銃への装填も手助けした。砦が以前よりも防御が堅くなっていると判断したブラック・ホークたちは撤退した。

ケロッグズ・グラブの戦い

ブラック・ホーク戦争では、今日のイリノイ州ステファンソン郡ケロッグズ・グラブで2度衝突が起こった。1回目は6月16日に起こり、小さな小競り合い程度のものであった。^[40]アダム・W・スナイダーが指揮する部隊が約80名のキカプー族戦士と交戦した。^[38]この戦いで3名の民兵が戦死し、キカプー族戦士は6名が戦死した。^[38]

2回目はもっと大きなもので、6月25日に起こった。ジョン・デメント少佐の指揮する部隊が、インディアンの大きな戦士団と林の中で戦った。ブラック・ホークの参加したインディアン戦士団は勢いの衰えない攻撃を繰り返し、25頭の馬と5名の民兵が戦死した。ソーク族の戦士は少なくとも9名が死んだ。^[38]

ウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦い

7月21日、ヘンリー・ドッジ将軍とジェイムズ・D・ヘンリー将軍の指揮するイリノイとウィスコンシンの民兵隊が今日のウィスコンシン州ソーク・シティ近くでブラック・ホークのブリティッシュ・バンドを捕捉した。^[40][41]この衝突がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いとして知られることになった。軍事的にはブラック・ホークたち戦士隊にとって壊滅的な打撃であった。激しい混戦の中で溺れた者も含め、損害は70名以上に上った。^[40]比較的高い損失にもかかわらず、インディアン戦士団の大部分、これには女、子供も含まれていたが、ウィスコンシン川を越えて逃げ延びた^[40]。しかし、その猶予も束の間であり、民兵隊は最終的にバッドアクス川の河口でインディアン戦士団を捕え、戦争の行方を決定付けることになった。

バッドアクスの戦い

バッドアクスの戦いは、8月1日から2日にかけて、今日のウィスコンシン州ビクトリーの近く、バッドアクス川がミシシッピ川に合流するところで起こった。ヘンリー・アトキンス将軍の指揮するアメリカ軍は蒸気船の戦闘艦まで持ち出して銃と大砲でインディアン戦士団を攻撃した。2日間にわたる戦闘で、最後は戦意を失ったインディアンが逃げ出すところを虐殺するようなことになった。非戦闘員を含め150名以上のインディアンが殺された。アメリカ軍の損失は5名が戦死、19名が負傷であった。ブラック・ホークは捕虜になった。

この戦闘でブラック・ホーク戦争は終結し、ミシシッピ川の東でのインディアンとの戦いも最後となった。

その後

軍事的な結果

1832年のブラック・ホーク戦争では、70名の白人入植者とアメリカ軍白人兵士、および数百人のソーク族戦士が死んだ^[15]。戦闘での損失とは別に、ウィンフィールド・スコット将軍の救援部隊では、数百名が死亡または逃亡した^[9]。戦争の結果、イリノイ州、アイオワ州、およびウィスコンシン州のインディアンによる攻撃の不安が除去された^[42]。

政治的な結果

後にアメリカ合衆国大統領となるエイブラハム・リンカーンはこのブラック・ホーク戦争でレイノルズの民兵隊に従軍したが、実戦には遭遇しなかった。^[40]やはり大統領になるザカリー・テイラーはアトキンソン将軍の下で部隊を指揮した。^[40]南軍の大統領となったジェファーソン・デイヴィスは戦争中の大半は従軍していなかったが、1832年9月には戻ってきて、降伏したブラック・ホーク、その息子ファーリング・サンダー、ニーポープ、ホワイト・クラウドその他をミズーリ州のジェファーソン兵舎まで移送護衛を務めた。^[40]デイビスは1887年に、彼がウィスコンシン・ハイツの戦いに参軍していたと語ったが、今日では信憑性を疑われている。^[43]

ブラック・ホーク戦争は、合衆国内で行われた他の戦争と同様に政治家となったものに箔を付けた。リンカーンやデイビスのような顕著な例の他にも、イリノイ州の知事は4名が従軍していた。トマス・フォード、ジョン・ウッド、ジョセフ・ダンカン、およびトマス・カーリンである。^[15]ミシガン州やネブラスカ州でも後の知事を輩出し、少なくとも7人はアメリカ合衆国上院議員となった。^[15]1836年、ヘンリー・ドッジはウィスコンシン準州の知事に任命された。^[15]

しかし、ヘンリー・アトキンソンは戦後あまりうまくいかず、最後の10年間はセントルイスのジェファーソン兵舎で過ごした。^[15]戦争に従軍したもの、部下や上官はアトキンソンの戦争指揮がまずかったと思った。^[15]時の大統領アンドリュー・ジャクソンは戦争の責任を負わせる者を、戦争継続中から探していた。戦後の議会報告書はアトキンソンの過失について触れており、密かにアトキンソンを批判する者もいた。ザカリー・テイラーは、戦争の最初の戦闘がイザイア・スティルマンの民兵隊ではなく、アトキンソンの正規兵隊がブラック・ホークと会しておれば、この戦争は1発の銃弾を放つこともなく終わっていただろうと述べた。^[15]

調停者であるマカタイメェキアキアク（ブラック・ホーク）は、戦争の責任者にされ、一連の戦争は「ブラック･ホーク戦争」と名付けられた。しかしブラック･ホークがこの戦争を「率いていた」わけではない。インディアンにとってはこれはソーク族の戦争であり、フォックス族の戦争であり、キカプー族、その他、この地から領土を奪われたくなかったインディアン部族それぞれの戦争なのである。ソーク&フォックス族はこの戦争の後、ミシシッピ以東の彼らの領土を永久に失った。

脚注

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Lewis, James. "Background," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1804, Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Washington: 合衆国政府印刷局, 1904. 1804年11月3日 7 Stat., 84. Ratified 1805年1月25日, proclaimed 1805年2月21日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
3. ^ Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., 1830, 1830年7月15日, 7 Stat., 328, Proclamation: 1831年2月24日. Retrieved 2007年8月1日
4. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas, The Indian Frontier: 1763-1846 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), pp. 176-7, (ISBN 0826319661).
5. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2A. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Black Hawk War," Historical Events, Illinois State Military Museum. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
7. ^ Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the Great West, (Google Books), H. Howe: 1857, p. 298. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "July 12: "The Most Painful Situation Which Can Well Be Imagined"", Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} "July 8, Fort Gratiot, Mich.: Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
10. ^ Olson, Greg. "Plague on the Prairie" Illinois Heritage, February 2002. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
11. ^ Nielsen, Lynn. "Theme 2: American Indians in Iowa," (PDF), University of Northern Iowa, Explorations in Iowa History Project, 2003. Compiled from: Sage, Leland L. A History of Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa: 1974, (ISBN: 0813807166).
12. ^ ^{a b c d} Harmet, p. 13.
13. ^ ^{a b} Lewis, James. "Introduction," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
14. ^ ^{a b} "April 6: The U.S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2D. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
16. ^ ^{a b} "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
17. ^ "Battle of Sycamore Creek, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月6日.
18. ^ "Major Isaiah Stillman," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, 2002, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 2007年8月7日.
19. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
20. ^ ^{a b} Kett, H.F. and Co. The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, (Google Books), H.F. Kett & Co., Chicago: 1887, p. 284.
21. ^ ^{a b} Stevens, Frank E. The Black Hawk War, Frank E. Stevens 1903, pp. 169-171. Available online at Northern Illinois University Libraries Digitization Project. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
22. ^ "Buffalo Grove," Polo Community High School, Lee/Ogle Regional Office of Education #47. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Killing of Felix St. Vrain," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
24. ^ "William Durley Monument," Illinois Digital Archives, Illinois Secretary of State/State Librarian, to access (PDF) click access this item. Retrieved 2007年7月30日.
25. ^ ^{a b} "May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
26. ^ ^{a b c} McIntyre, Mac. "The Indian Creek Massacre," 2000, DeKalb County History, DeKalb County Online. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
27. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2B. Retrieved 2007年8月6日
28. ^ Matile, Roger. "U.S Army, cholera mark end of Black Hawk War," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), 2007年6月14日. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
29. ^ Matson, Nehemiah. Memories of Shaubena: With Incidents Relating to the Early Settlement of the West, (Google Books), D.B. Cooke & Co., 1887, pp. 207-210. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
30. ^ "The Killing of Felix St. Vrain," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月28日.
31. ^ Adams, Barry. "Rounding up its rich past," Wisconsin State Journal, Capital Newspapers. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
32. ^ Beaouchard, Edward D. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, "Edward D. Beaouchard's Vindication," Wisconsin State Historical Society, pp. 293-294. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
33. ^ ^{a b c d e} Trask, Kerry A. Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America, (Google Books), Henry Holt: 2006, pp. 220-221, (ISBN 0805077588). Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
34. ^ Smith, William Rudolph. The History of Wisconsin, (Google Books), 1854, B. Brown, p. 213. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
35. ^ ^{a b} History of LaFayette County, Wisconsin, (Google Books), Consul Willshire Butterfield, Western Historical Co: 1881, p. 599. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
36. ^ Wakefield, John Allen; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed. History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two; Reprinted as: Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 4, Section 70. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
37. ^ ^{a b} Carter, Greg. "Captain Stephenson's Fight," May 2004, Old Lead Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
38. ^ ^{a b c d e} Dameier, Evelyn. "Kellogg's Grove," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1978年 1月18日, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
39. ^ "James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007年7月31日.
40. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C Retrieved 2007年8月1日.
41. ^ Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed. A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via The State of Wisconsin Collection, University of Wisconsin.
42. ^ "The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources," 2000, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2007年8月8日.
43. ^ "April 20: Jefferson Davis in the Black Hawk War," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Interview originally published: Aldrich, Charles. "Jefferson Davis and Black Hawk." The Midland Monthly, Vol 5, No. 5 May 1896, pp. 408-409. Retrieved 2007年8月1日.

関連項目

• インディアン戦争
• 植民地主義
• 大量虐殺
• 領土問題
• ホロコースト
• エイブラハム・リンカーン
• 民族浄化

参考文献

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ブラック・ホーク戦争に関連するメディアがあります。

• Harmet, A. Richard. "Apple River Fort Site, (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1997年3月31日,HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007年8月5日.
• 『Readings in Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy』Felix S. Cohen、1952年）
• 『American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World』（David E. Stannard 、Oxford University Press、1993年）

「https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ブラック・ホーク戦争&oldid=57499360」から取得

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Black hawk war

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.