New chins
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New chins (Neognathae) is one group of the birds classification. The rank often assumes it a new chin gradation scale. I translate it as the new palate gradation scale [1].
The new birds which are the system including actual money birds are greatly divided into primitive Old chins and evolutionary new chins. Approximately 50 kinds of ground sex number department of semicharacteristics above the ground including the ostrich is only included in old chins, and they do it to the most of actual money birds, the number of the kinds, and approximately 99.5% are new chins.
Table of contents
A system and classification
Higher system
New chins are old chins and sisters group. It is considered that the new chins and the old chins diverged early in a new generation.
Lower system
35 eyes ([2] that the eyes change by a classification slightly, but treat it with the eyes which receive the result of the molecular system here, and were revised) belong to new chins. They are divided into pheasant waterfowl Galloanserae and Neoaves. 33 of others are included in Galliformes and two, Neoaves of duck eyes to a pheasant waterfowl.
The system to eyes level does not completely come loose, but taxa is suggested to the following schools (but landbird is not official taxa). These systems are systems supported in a certain system [3] with the retroposon or recent plural studies (Hackett 2008 [4], Mayr 2011 [5]). Other than a pheasant waterfowl and white-rumped swift nightjars, it is the system which became clear by a molecular system newly.
But the relations between these systems are not settled.
As an opinion received a little, Neoaves was divided into Metaves including the class of approximately 10% of all actual money birds and Coronaves including the class of approximately 85% by Ericson (2006)[7] and Ericson (2008)[8], and Coronaves was divided into a big system of the 3–4 つ degree in Metaves two. This system was Hackett (2008)[4], but was almost (except the position of hoatzin eyes) supported weakly. lineage 1-6 of the next genealogical tree is a temporary systematic name by Ericson (2008).
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However, these systems are controversial. Because a gene in support of Metaves and Coronaves was only β fibrinogen, and a thing, the system position of hoatzin eyes were not decided in Mayr (2011)[5], I denied these systems. He recognized five (within new chins six) systems in Noaves. I am as follows when I express these by a systematic name of Ericson.
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History of classification
It is W. I point out that actual money birds are divided into two of old chins and new chins, and to have named in each P. It is Pycraft (1900)[9].
I separated from new chins, and Bock (1982) assumed penguin eyes penguin gradation scale Impennes from the originality in new chins. However, the penguin eyes are members of internal system Aequornithes of new chins, and, from a molecular system, the penguin gradation scale is denied.
In 1981, Cracraft showed that Galliformes and duck eyes made a single system. It is confirmed with the molecular system; Sibley et al. (1988)[10] divided new chins into pheasant waterfowl Galloanserae and Neoaves. But I thought, and the school which they got did not admit that the new chins which were ((old chins + pheasant waterfowl) + Neoaves) were not a single system as taxa.
Sibley et al. (1990) Then I agree with a known system now (old chins + (pheasant waterfowl + Neoaves)) という system was provided. The classification was revised accordingly, too, and the pheasant waterfowl was moved in Neoaves. Therefore, this Neoaves is a thing same as new chins. There is not the generally accepted translation in Japanese and is called a new chin lower rope (located on the lower rope by their classification). But the name called Neoaves is Sibley et al. now (1988) I am used in a meaning of the での "new chins except the pheasant waterfowl".
Sibley et al. (1990) Oh, I divided new chins into six small ropes. One of those was a pheasant duck small rope, but they did not give group which put 5 remaining small ropes together, Neoaves as of the clogging taxa. These classifications did not reflect a real system, and the broad-billed roller small rope and the sparrow small rope consisting of plural eyes were not a single system.
Source
- ^ Hiroyuki Morioka (2006), "bird rope," it is in Masafumi Matsui, variety and system of the vertebrate, bio diversity series 7, kimono Hanafusa, ISBN 4-7855-5830-0
- ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2012), "Sugarbirds, starlings, thrushes," it is IOC World Bird Names, version 2.11
- ^ a b c Suh, Alexander; et al. (2011), "Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds," it is Nature Communications 2 (8), doi: 10.1038/ncomms144
- ^ a b Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008), "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History," it is 1763-1768 Science 320
- ^ a b c d e Matr, Gerald (2011), " Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties – a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds ", J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 49 (1): 58–76, doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00586.x
- ^ Sangster, G. (2005), "A name for the flamingo-grebe clade," it is 612–615, doi: Ibis 147 10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x
- ^ Ericson, Per G.P.; et al. (2006), "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils," it is Biol. Lett. 2: 543-547
- ^ Ericson, Per G.P. (2008), "Current perspectives on the evolution of birds," it is Contributions to Zoology 77 (2): 109-116
- ^ Pycraft, W.P. (1900), "On the morphology and phylogeny of the Palaeognathae (Ratitae and Crypturi) and Neognathae (Carinatae)," it is Trans. Zool. Sot. Lond. It is 149-290 15
- ^ Sibley, Charles G.; Ahlquist, Jon E.; Monroe Jr., Burt L. (1988), "A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies," it is Auk 105 (3): 409–423
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia New chins
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